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Lymphoreticular > Abnormalities of the erythron > Flashcards

Abnormalities of the erythron Flashcards

1
Q

Function of RBCs?

A
  • haemaglobin oxygen carrying capacity
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2
Q

Where are RBCs produced in foetus? In adult?

A
  • liver/spleen in foetus
  • bone marrow in neonate
  • growing animals = BM of all bones
  • red marrow/yellow marrow (femur/humerus) in long bones, flat bones remain active
  • liver and spleen maintain erythropoietic capacity, espcially if incresed demand (extramedullary haematopoeisis) as do long bones (reversion to red marrow)
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3
Q

Production requirements for haemopoeisis?

A
  • stem cells
  • space in marrow
  • Growth factors (IL3, GM-CSF, G-CSF, erythropoeitin)
  • Iron
  • Cholesterol/lipids for membrane (more humans)
  • enzyme pathways for construction and maintainance
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4
Q

Outline the different cell lines as a RBC matures

A
  • Rubriblast (nucleoli, fine granules in nucleus, dark blue cytoplasm)
  • Prorubriocyte
  • Basophilicrubricyte
  • Polychromatophilic rubricyte
  • Metarubricyte
  • Reticulocyte
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5
Q

What is blue basic dye attracted to?

A

Acid

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6
Q

How long do RBCs live for?

A
  • 100d (Dog)
  • 70d cat
  • 150d horse and cattle
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7
Q

How are RBCs removed when too old normally?

A
  • MAJOR ROUTE: macrophage phagocytoses recycles components

- MINOR ROUTE: intravascular haemolysis

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8
Q

What is anaemia? Howo may this be appreciated diagnostically?

A

> reduction in red cell mass, evidence in decreased:

  • [Hgb] conc Haemoglobin
  • PCV packed cell volume
  • HCT haematocrit
  • [RBC] RBC conc
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9
Q

How should PCV, HCT, [Hbg] nd [RBC] values change?

A

All together - if they change independantly suspect something

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10
Q

What is HCT?

A

Haematocrit (= PCV)

  • calculated by machine
  • Relies on RBC count and cell volume (less accurate)
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11
Q

What is [RBC]]

A
  • total red cell numbers
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12
Q

What is [Hbg]?

A
  • total oxygen carrying capacity
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13
Q

What is PCV?

A
  • packed cell volume = % red cells in a volume of blood

- centrifuged whole blood, red cells red as % of column length

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14
Q

What else can be assessed in PCV?

A
  • buffy coat assessment (WBC)
  • plasma (clear/straw or pink if hamolysed)
  • total protein measurement (put serum into refractometer)
    > if bleeding, losing protein, protein v
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15
Q

Different classifications of anaemia?

A 
> mild/mod/severe
> regenerative/non-regenerative
> normocytic/microcytic/macrocytic
> normochromic/hypochromic (hyperchromic artefact) 
- Haemoglobin
* helps to narrow the cause of anaemia *
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16
Q

Define mild anaemia

A
  • normal - 10% decrease PCV
  • may not affect animal until excercised
  • common in animals with ongstanding dz, endocrine disorders etc.
  • will not present for this as main presenting factor
17
Q

Define moderate anameia

A
  • varies between species, depends on normal PCV of each
  • weakness or may be well adapted (takes time)
  • mm pallor
  • fast bounding pulse
18
Q

DDefine severe anameia

A
  • PCV low teens and less
  • pale, weak, unable to excercise
  • may need O2 stabilisation before dxx
    > dont fight with severely anaemic cats!
19
Q

How would hypochromic anaemia appear? Why?

A
  • increased central pallor
  • MCHC/MCH (hbg conc)
  • decreased in iron deficiency/poor iron incorporation (with microcytosis)
20
Q

When does hyperchromia occour?

A

Artefact, cells cannot be hyperchromic

- haemolysis

21
Q

What is the MCV?

A

= mean cell volume

- average volume of a single red cell (micro/normo/macrocytic)

22
Q

Distinguishing features of normocytic

A
  • erythrocytes unremarkable size

- often assoc with mild, non-regnerative anaemia, acute haemmorrhage etc.

23
Q

Distinguishing features of microcytic?

A
  • RBC haemoglobin conc determines when devision stops
  • iron deficiency allows oe more division -> smaller RBC
  • eg. seen with PSS, Fe deficiency, hepatic failure
  • akitas (congenital, normal cells but smaller, NOT path)
24
Q

Distinguishing features of macrocytic?

A
  • in regeneration
  • polychromatophils larger than mature RBC
  • more purple colour too
  • we want these as indicate regenerationi (yay)
  • some poodles inherited dz (path)
25
Q

How may macrocytosis affect your dxx?

A

Can increase PCV as dependant on size of cell as well as number

26
Q

When is macrocytosis also seen?

A
  • FeLV affected cats
  • myelodysplasia
  • common artefact in stored (usually posted) blood
27
Q

What is regenerative anaemia and what stimulates it?

A
  • body response to a fall in oxygenation
  • kidneys release EPO -> BM stimulation
  • takes 2-3d and younger red cells (polychromatophils/reticulocytes) increase in circulation.
28
Q

Non regeneratvie

A

no notes

29
Q

What are the 2 Ddx for regenerative anaemia?

A
  • haemorrhage (loss)
  • haemolysis (destroyed)
    > if you can control the loss, animal will get better by itself
    > allows assessmeent of how well an anmal is resposing
30
Q

What cells do you look for as hallmarks of regenerative anaemia?

A 
> reticulocytes 
- RNA precipitates
- new methylene blue
- aggregates/reticulum forms
> polychromatophils
- Diff-Quick/Giemsa
- young immature cells containing ribosomal RNA show as large, blue cells (polychromatophils) 
> these are the SAME CELLS
31
Q

How do cat reticulocytes differ?

A
  • cat retics released as aggregate retics, mature to punctate retics over time
  • retic counts should record AGGREGATE or BOTH (punctates hang around for a while)
32
Q

How can regenerative v non-regenerative be distignusihed?

A
  • reticulocyte % (1000 red cells counted, retics expressed as %)
  • corected % (same no retics will take up more % in a very anaemic animal)
    > retic% x patient PCV/normal PCV
    [ PCV 45% normal dog, 35% normal cat ]
    > regenerative if >1% corrected (Dog) or >0.4% (cat)
    > absolute reticulocyte conc may be better ([RBC] x Retic%)
33
Q

What casues decreased red cell mass?

A
  • ^ loss or v production
34
Q

Causes of increased losses of RBC

A

> haemorrhage (external)

  • melena
  • UT
  • epistaxis
  • post-trauma/surgery
35
Q

Shape of RBCs = ? Reason? Exceptions?

A
  • biconcave disk in most species
  • central pallor (seenin dogs)
  • high surface area to volume ratio -> ^ deformability
    > camelids have elliptical RBCs
    > anucleate in all animals except birds and reptiles

Lymphoreticular (31 decks)

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