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Lymphoreticular > FA FPT and Anaemia (Van Winden) > Flashcards

FA FPT and Anaemia (Van Winden) Flashcards

1
Q

2 MAIN ROLES OF COLOSTRUM?

A

> Immune
- neonatal septicaemia and joint/naval ill
- enteropathogens
- enzootic pneumonia
Nutrition
- 1st feed with added vitamins and trace elements

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2
Q

What proportion of calves die? Causes od death?

A

~8% (used as welfare indicator)
- D+, pneumonia biggest killer
> FPT!

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3
Q

How is colostrum made?

A
  • 4-6weeks transfer of Ig into udder

- active transport into colostrum

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4
Q

How are IGs absorbed?

A
  • epithelial cells of SI -> lymphatics to blood
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5
Q

What type of protection does Ig coclosrtum provide?

A

> systemic IgG and IgM
Local
- resecretion IgG into gut lumen
- IgA in colostrum coats GIT

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6
Q

How much IgG needed for calves?

A

> 10g/L good

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7
Q

3 aspects of the disease triad?

A
  • immunity
  • environment
  • agents
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8
Q

How much blood does an animal have?

A

8% BW

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9
Q

Which Igs are highest concentration in colostrum?

A

Most IgG1 and 2
IgM
Least IgA

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10
Q

Factors that influence utpake of IgG?

A
  • 1st milking
  • milk yield (dilutes)
    > only 30% fresians have 100g in 2L colostrum
  • beef better than dairy
  • pre-calving leaking of milk or milking
  • short dry period
  • premature calving/abortion
  • heifers v cows (heifers smaller yield but less pathogen exposure so less [Ig] varieties)
  • mastitis (stops calves suckling)
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11
Q

How much colostrum should be fed? Pnumonic

A

QQQ

  • quality
  • quantitiy
  • quick
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12
Q

How much colostrum needed from first feed?

A

2L traditionally (but fresians dilute so maybe 3-4l) for a 45kg calf

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13
Q

What factors affect volume of colostrum a calf sucks?

A 
> calf
- weak 
- acidosis + bradycardia
- dystocia
- mouth problem (double muscled breeds, tongue big) 
> udder 
- sore teats
- teat shapes
- teat aligment
- droped udder (below  hocks) 
> mother 
- heifers
- disturbace/stress
- overcrowding calving area
- C sec (doble muscled) 
- milk fever/downer cow 
- slippery floors
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14
Q

How can you ensure calf gets enough colostrum?

A
  • assissted suckling 20-30mins to ingest 2l
  • bottle and teat
  • oesophageal feeder (3-4l) NOT stomach tube you put it in oesophagus (NB will have -ve efects on future drinking, stressful!)
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15
Q

How long after calving can you supplement colostrum?

A 
6 hrs: 66% absorption 
12hrs: 46% 
24: 12% 
36: 7% 
> closure of gut wall dependant on 
1. presence of protein in intesitine (colostrum) 
2. time after calving
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16
Q

Most important risk fctor for hypogammaglobunlinaemia?

A

delay in suckling

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17
Q

What affects the qulaity of colostrum?

A
  • exposure dam to pathogens
  • vax eg. rotavirus
    > store colostrum, allowto fermnet
    > feed stored colostrum for several days IGA
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18
Q

How ca you assess colostrum quality? LOOK

A
  • IgA >50g/l
  • SG >1.048 (hygrometer, NB: cold colostrum ^ SG (measure at room temp or false reading))
  • Brix refractometer >22%
  • thicker the better!
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19
Q

How can colostrum uptake be measured?

A
  • IgG clf serum >10g/l
  • GammaGT 200IU/L d1, 100IU/L d4)
  • TP >5.5g/l (some say 6)
  • ZST and sodium sukphite : Add plasma to test
    > ZST >20g/l xzinc sulphate
    > Sodium sulphite >18g/l
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20
Q

Tx FPT calves?

A
  • feed stored

- feed supplement

21
Q

Storage of colostrum?

A 
15*c 24hrs 
4*c 7d
-2*C 6months + 
- 1 or 2l aliquots stored
- first milking only collectio 
- fermented colostrum NOT suitable first feed but useful IgA for rotavirus
22
Q

What temp should colostrum be thawed at?

A
23
Q

What is anaemia?

A
  • lack of erythrocyte haemoglobin
24
Q

Clinical sings of anaemia?

A
  • pallor
  • lack of excercise tolerance
  • weakness
  • haemic murmur
  • dependent oedema
  • red urine (R/O Haematuria, this is HBGuria)
  • jaundice
  • melaena
  • swollen udder
25
Q

How do mm of FA difer to other spp? Where can these be checked?

A

Often paler

- mouth, eyes, nose, vulva

26
Q

Clin path dx of anaemia?

A
  • low PCV
  • low Hbg
  • immature erythroytes
  • eidence regeneration
  • jaundice
27
Q

Normal PCV% and Hb (g/dl) in cattle, sheep and swine? What should this aalways be interpreted wrt?

A 
PCV % -
 cattle: 24-46
sheep: 27-45
swine: 22-38
Hb (g/dl) - 
cattle: 8-15
sheep: 9-15
swine: 8-12
> with TP (dehydration may raise PCV)
28
Q

3 main types of anaemia ?

A

> blood loss (regenerative)
- haemorrhagic
erythrocyte destruction (regenerative)
- haemolytic
inadequate production (non-regenerative)
- bone marow

29
Q

Causes of haemorrhagic anaemia?

A
  • caudal VC syndrome
  • ezootic haematuria
  • ruptured uterine a
  • ruptured airota
  • HAEMONCHOSIS
  • FASCIOLOSIS
  • lice, mites and ticks
  • pyelonephritis
  • abomasal ulcer
  • intraluminal intestinal haemorrhage
  • gastric ulceration pigs
  • proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (Pigs PIA)
30
Q

Causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A
  • LEPTOSPIROSIS
  • postparturient haemoglobinuria
  • bacillary haemagobinuria
  • PROTOZOA (babesia, eperythrozoon)
  • CHRONIC COPPER POISONING
  • cold water ingestiion
  • brassica poisoning (rape, kale, cabbage)
  • drug induced
  • blood transfusion
  • autoimmune HA
31
Q

Causes of depressed erythrocyte production?

A
  • COBALT/COPPER DEFICIENCY
  • iron deficiency
  • acute bracken poisoning (enzootic haematuria)
  • FASCIOLOSIS
  • lymphosarcoma
  • chronic renal dz (amyloidosis, pyelonephritis)
  • ANAEMIA OF INFLAMMATORY DZ
  • radiation damage
32
Q

Tx anaemia?

A 
> blood transfusion
 - adult cow 5L blood 
- 1st transfusion safe 
> haemantics 
- Fe, Cu,  Vit B12
- high protein
- fresh foods
33
Q

Clinical signs enzootic haematuria

A
  • haematuria with blood clots
  • polyuria
  • thickened bladder (may be palapable rectally)
  • other signs of chronic progressive anaemia
  • internal bleeding
34
Q

Dx enzootic haematuria?

A
  • clinical signs (most common cause of haematuria in cattle)
  • pyelonephritis may alaso cause haematuria but not necessarily anaemia
35
Q

Causes of abomasal ulcers? -

A
  • sand
  • DA
  • stress
36
Q

Dx of abomasal ulcers?

A
  • occult blood in feaes/meleana
  • free air abdo
  • abdo pain
37
Q

Which animals pdf Fe deficiency? What is importan when thinking about fe deficiency?

A
  • young animals

- diet and injectables and other micronutrients

38
Q

Why does anaemia of inflammatory dz occour?

A
  • alteratinos in Fe metabolism
  • depressed BM response
  • shorter lifespan of erythrocytes
39
Q

PDF chronic copper poisoning?

A
  • species and breed (texels and suffolks most susceptable, Sc blackface and merinos least)
  • sheep more susceptable than cattle
  • calves moderately susceptible
40
Q

Pathophysiology of chronic copper poisoning?

A
  • copper stored and accumulated in the liver
  • some centrilobar necrosis @ copper >750ppm
  • sudden rlease of copper into blood
  • acute fatal syndrome
    > acute dz following chronic absorption and accumulation
41
Q

Sources of copper contributing to chronic copper poisoning?

A

> diet mainly
- concentrates (risk whenever sheep fed concentrates chronically if no efforts made to counteract sopper absorption), phytogenous (pasture), hepatogenous (liver damaged by PA)
accidental overdose
feeding cattle/pig feeds (these exceed the sheep dose)

42
Q

What levels of copper are healthy? What levels are excessive?

A

> 4ppm normal healthy

> 12 ppm may be dangerous BUT Many commercial sheep feeds exceed this!!!

43
Q

Clinical signs chronic copper poisoning?

A
  • jaundice
  • pallor
  • haemoglobinuria
  • depression
  • death in 24-48hrs heamolytic event
44
Q

Clin path dx chronic copper poisoning?

A
  • blood copper elevated (but after the release of Cu)
  • liver copper elevated(biosy can predict)
  • = other causes of haemolytic anaemia
  • ^ plasma AST (liver damage)
45
Q

WHat is found @ PM with chronic copper tox?

A
  • swollen yellow liver
  • swollen GUNMETAL kidneys
  • jaundice
  • liver sample : copper assay and histopath
46
Q

Clinical signs and respective DDx for chronic copper poisoning?

A 
> haemaglobinuria
-bacillary and posparturient, rape and kale poisoning, lepto
> jaundice
- facioliasis, lupinosis
> anaemia
- haemochosis
47
Q

Tx chronic copper poisoning?

A
  • ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATM) 2.7mg/kg IV @ 2-3d intervals 3-6 tx
  • ammonium molybdate 100mg + sodium sulphate 1g oral daily
  • sodium calcium edetate 70mg/kg IV for 2d
  • somnulose 10ml IV
48
Q

Prevention chronic copper poisoning?

A
  • dietary coper
49
Q

Which animla is used as a model for FPT?

A

CALF

Lymphoreticular (31 decks)

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