FA FPT and Anaemia (Van Winden) Flashcards
2 MAIN ROLES OF COLOSTRUM?
> Immune
- neonatal septicaemia and joint/naval ill
- enteropathogens
- enzootic pneumonia
Nutrition
- 1st feed with added vitamins and trace elements
What proportion of calves die? Causes od death?
~8% (used as welfare indicator)
- D+, pneumonia biggest killer
> FPT!
How is colostrum made?
- 4-6weeks transfer of Ig into udder
- active transport into colostrum
How are IGs absorbed?
- epithelial cells of SI -> lymphatics to blood
What type of protection does Ig coclosrtum provide?
> systemic IgG and IgM
Local
- resecretion IgG into gut lumen
- IgA in colostrum coats GIT
How much IgG needed for calves?
> 10g/L good
3 aspects of the disease triad?
- immunity
- environment
- agents
How much blood does an animal have?
8% BW
Which Igs are highest concentration in colostrum?
Most IgG1 and 2
IgM
Least IgA
Factors that influence utpake of IgG?
- 1st milking
- milk yield (dilutes)
> only 30% fresians have 100g in 2L colostrum - beef better than dairy
- pre-calving leaking of milk or milking
- short dry period
- premature calving/abortion
- heifers v cows (heifers smaller yield but less pathogen exposure so less [Ig] varieties)
- mastitis (stops calves suckling)
How much colostrum should be fed? Pnumonic
QQQ
- quality
- quantitiy
- quick
How much colostrum needed from first feed?
2L traditionally (but fresians dilute so maybe 3-4l) for a 45kg calf
What factors affect volume of colostrum a calf sucks?
> calf - weak - acidosis + bradycardia - dystocia - mouth problem (double muscled breeds, tongue big) > udder - sore teats - teat shapes - teat aligment - droped udder (below hocks) > mother - heifers - disturbace/stress - overcrowding calving area - C sec (doble muscled) - milk fever/downer cow - slippery floors
How can you ensure calf gets enough colostrum?
- assissted suckling 20-30mins to ingest 2l
- bottle and teat
- oesophageal feeder (3-4l) NOT stomach tube you put it in oesophagus (NB will have -ve efects on future drinking, stressful!)
How long after calving can you supplement colostrum?
6 hrs: 66% absorption 12hrs: 46% 24: 12% 36: 7% > closure of gut wall dependant on 1. presence of protein in intesitine (colostrum) 2. time after calving
Most important risk fctor for hypogammaglobunlinaemia?
delay in suckling
What affects the qulaity of colostrum?
- exposure dam to pathogens
- vax eg. rotavirus
> store colostrum, allowto fermnet
> feed stored colostrum for several days IGA
How ca you assess colostrum quality? LOOK
- IgA >50g/l
- SG >1.048 (hygrometer, NB: cold colostrum ^ SG (measure at room temp or false reading))
- Brix refractometer >22%
- thicker the better!
How can colostrum uptake be measured?
- IgG clf serum >10g/l
- GammaGT 200IU/L d1, 100IU/L d4)
- TP >5.5g/l (some say 6)
- ZST and sodium sukphite : Add plasma to test
> ZST >20g/l xzinc sulphate
> Sodium sulphite >18g/l
Tx FPT calves?
- feed stored
- feed supplement
Storage of colostrum?
15*c 24hrs 4*c 7d -2*C 6months + - 1 or 2l aliquots stored - first milking only collectio - fermented colostrum NOT suitable first feed but useful IgA for rotavirus
What temp should colostrum be thawed at?
What is anaemia?
- lack of erythrocyte haemoglobin
Clinical sings of anaemia?
- pallor
- lack of excercise tolerance
- weakness
- haemic murmur
- dependent oedema
- red urine (R/O Haematuria, this is HBGuria)
- jaundice
- melaena
- swollen udder
How do mm of FA difer to other spp? Where can these be checked?
Often paler
- mouth, eyes, nose, vulva
Clin path dx of anaemia?
- low PCV
- low Hbg
- immature erythroytes
- eidence regeneration
- jaundice
Normal PCV% and Hb (g/dl) in cattle, sheep and swine? What should this aalways be interpreted wrt?
PCV % - cattle: 24-46 sheep: 27-45 swine: 22-38 Hb (g/dl) - cattle: 8-15 sheep: 9-15 swine: 8-12 > with TP (dehydration may raise PCV)
3 main types of anaemia ?
> blood loss (regenerative)
- haemorrhagic
erythrocyte destruction (regenerative)
- haemolytic
inadequate production (non-regenerative)
- bone marow
Causes of haemorrhagic anaemia?
- caudal VC syndrome
- ezootic haematuria
- ruptured uterine a
- ruptured airota
- HAEMONCHOSIS
- FASCIOLOSIS
- lice, mites and ticks
- pyelonephritis
- abomasal ulcer
- intraluminal intestinal haemorrhage
- gastric ulceration pigs
- proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (Pigs PIA)
Causes of haemolytic anaemia?
- LEPTOSPIROSIS
- postparturient haemoglobinuria
- bacillary haemagobinuria
- PROTOZOA (babesia, eperythrozoon)
- CHRONIC COPPER POISONING
- cold water ingestiion
- brassica poisoning (rape, kale, cabbage)
- drug induced
- blood transfusion
- autoimmune HA
Causes of depressed erythrocyte production?
- COBALT/COPPER DEFICIENCY
- iron deficiency
- acute bracken poisoning (enzootic haematuria)
- FASCIOLOSIS
- lymphosarcoma
- chronic renal dz (amyloidosis, pyelonephritis)
- ANAEMIA OF INFLAMMATORY DZ
- radiation damage
Tx anaemia?
> blood transfusion - adult cow 5L blood - 1st transfusion safe > haemantics - Fe, Cu, Vit B12 - high protein - fresh foods
Clinical signs enzootic haematuria
- haematuria with blood clots
- polyuria
- thickened bladder (may be palapable rectally)
- other signs of chronic progressive anaemia
- internal bleeding
Dx enzootic haematuria?
- clinical signs (most common cause of haematuria in cattle)
- pyelonephritis may alaso cause haematuria but not necessarily anaemia
Causes of abomasal ulcers? -
- sand
- DA
- stress
Dx of abomasal ulcers?
- occult blood in feaes/meleana
- free air abdo
- abdo pain
Which animals pdf Fe deficiency? What is importan when thinking about fe deficiency?
- young animals
- diet and injectables and other micronutrients
Why does anaemia of inflammatory dz occour?
- alteratinos in Fe metabolism
- depressed BM response
- shorter lifespan of erythrocytes
PDF chronic copper poisoning?
- species and breed (texels and suffolks most susceptable, Sc blackface and merinos least)
- sheep more susceptable than cattle
- calves moderately susceptible
Pathophysiology of chronic copper poisoning?
- copper stored and accumulated in the liver
- some centrilobar necrosis @ copper >750ppm
- sudden rlease of copper into blood
- acute fatal syndrome
> acute dz following chronic absorption and accumulation
Sources of copper contributing to chronic copper poisoning?
> diet mainly
- concentrates (risk whenever sheep fed concentrates chronically if no efforts made to counteract sopper absorption), phytogenous (pasture), hepatogenous (liver damaged by PA)
accidental overdose
feeding cattle/pig feeds (these exceed the sheep dose)
What levels of copper are healthy? What levels are excessive?
> 4ppm normal healthy
> 12 ppm may be dangerous BUT Many commercial sheep feeds exceed this!!!
Clinical signs chronic copper poisoning?
- jaundice
- pallor
- haemoglobinuria
- depression
- death in 24-48hrs heamolytic event
Clin path dx chronic copper poisoning?
- blood copper elevated (but after the release of Cu)
- liver copper elevated(biosy can predict)
- = other causes of haemolytic anaemia
- ^ plasma AST (liver damage)
WHat is found @ PM with chronic copper tox?
- swollen yellow liver
- swollen GUNMETAL kidneys
- jaundice
- liver sample : copper assay and histopath
Clinical signs and respective DDx for chronic copper poisoning?
> haemaglobinuria -bacillary and posparturient, rape and kale poisoning, lepto > jaundice - facioliasis, lupinosis > anaemia - haemochosis
Tx chronic copper poisoning?
- ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATM) 2.7mg/kg IV @ 2-3d intervals 3-6 tx
- ammonium molybdate 100mg + sodium sulphate 1g oral daily
- sodium calcium edetate 70mg/kg IV for 2d
- somnulose 10ml IV
Prevention chronic copper poisoning?
- dietary coper
Which animla is used as a model for FPT?
CALF
