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Lymphoreticular > LA Arthropod Borne Infectious Dz > Flashcards

LA Arthropod Borne Infectious Dz Flashcards

1
Q

What is Redwater fever?

A
  • Bovine Babesiosis = tick fever
  • Babesia spp. B divergens, bigemia, bovis
  • Ixodes ricinis common vetor
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2
Q

Tick habitat

A
  • rough pasture
  • moorland and heathland
  • high humidity
  • presence of other vertebrate hosts
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3
Q

When is the tick feeding season?

A
  • March - June, peak April-May

- also some sutumn feeding ticks but all activity ceases in winter

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4
Q

What type of haemolysis is associated with? Other clinical signs? What is severity dependant on?

A
  • anaemia
  • pyrexia
  • jaundice
  • death 24hr acute illness
  • hemogolobinuria
    > severity varies w/ previous exposure and ENDEMICITY (endemic stability)
  • calves
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5
Q

Dx of bovine babesiosis?

A

> Blood smear
- sample from peripheral (ear/tail) capillaires
- thin smear (airdried and ifxed)
- thick smear (not fixed, allows concentration of parasites)
- morphological variability (annular stages, pear-haped (pyriform) trophozoites singly or in pairs and filamentous/amorphous shapes)
PCR
- gold standard
Serology
- surveilance and export certification
- uually indirect fluorescent Ab (IFAT) or ELISA

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6
Q
  • Control of bovine babesiosis?
A
  • acaricides can v incidence (but only need 1 infected tick for transmission!)
  • tick habitat removal
  • avoid pastures
  • deliberately graze young stock on known Babesia/tick pastures
  • live attenuated available
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7
Q

Tx bovine babesia

A
  • Anti-parasite eg. Imidocarb

- - Supportive tx

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8
Q

Is BAbesia zoonotic?

A
  • YEEESSSS - B. Divergens causes rare, serious, acute dz in splenectomised people
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9
Q

What does A. phagocytophila (used to be ehrlichia phagocyt) cause in cattle?

A

> Tickborne fever
- RIckettsial parasite of leukocytes
- main vector IXodes Ricinis
- affects sheep(goats), cattle, horses, dogs
- maintained in sylvatic lifecycle (tick and wildlife)
cause of ‘human granulocytic anaplasmosis’

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10
Q

pathogensis of Tick-borne fever?

A

> Intracytoplasmic inclusions: Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
Immune suppression (leukopenia, neutropenia, v phagocytosis) ->
- Asymptomatic (mostly)
- ^ Susceptibility to dz eg. tick pyaemia [s. pyogenes], louping ill, pasteurella pneumonia
- Tick Borne fever (fever and abortion in sheep and goats, fever milk drop, respiraotry signs in cattle

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11
Q

Clinical signs of Tick-borne fever (anaplasma phagocytophila)

A
  • aymptomatic
  • ^ susceptibility of other dz
  • tick borne fever (fever and abortion sheep and goats/fever, milk drop and respiratory signs in cattle)
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12
Q

What is the only endemic flavivirus of the UK?

A

Louping ill virus

- upland areas Scotland, Wales, NW/SW england

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13
Q

Which animaals are affected by louping ill?

A
  • sheep

- young unvaccinated

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14
Q

Clinical signs of Louping ill?

A
  • neuro signs

- pyrexia and paresis

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15
Q

Is louping ill zoonotic?

A

Yes but

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16
Q
  • Which disease is related to Louping ill and how does it differ?
A
  • TBEV (endemic Europe and Asia)
    > tick borne encephalitis virus
  • does not cause disease in livestock
  • same vector (Ixodes Ricinis)
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17
Q

Is EIA zoonotic?

A

NO

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18
Q

What transmits EIA?

A
  • big fat flies (stablefly, horseflies) limited range
  • saliva, nasal secretions, feacces, semen, ova, embreyos
  • fomites
  • in utero
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19
Q

What type of virus is EIA?

A

Lentivirus (=FIV, HIV etc.)

  • RNA virus
  • infects macrophages
20
Q

Is EIA notifiable?

A

YEs [defra], and usually euthanased to prevent spread

- imported animals be aware

21
Q

Incubation period of EIA?

A

-

22
Q

Clinical signs of acute and chronic EIA?

A 
> acute
- can go un-noticed
- fever, thrombocytonpenia, lethagy, inappetence
- cann be fatal 
- subsequent inapparent nfection or recurrent dz episodes
> chronic
- lifelong carrier state
- anaemia
- thrombocytopenia
- weight loss 
- dependant oedema 
\+- neuro signs
- episodes subside and become inapparent carriers
23
Q

Dx of EIA?

A

> serology (since persistent virus, if it has ever been affected hence sero+ then stilli nfected)
- NB: Ab respnse may not develop for 10-14d most seroconvert after 45d
AGID Coggins test to check

24
Q

Tx EIA?

A
  • NO vax

- cull

25
Q

What type of virus is bluetogue?

A
  • non enveloped segmented RNA virus

- 25 serotypes

26
Q

What is bluetongue transmitted by?

A

Culicoides midges

  • C. imicola main vector S. Europe
  • C. obseletus/pulicares N Europe
27
Q

Which strain of bluetongue casued the UK outbreak in 2007?

A

BTV 8

28
Q

Pathogenesis of BTV?

A
  • Haemorrhagic dz (direct and indirect effects of virus)
  • replicates in endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes
  • prolonged cell asociated viraemia
29
Q

Which species are affected by BTV?

A
  • Ruminants
  • sheep more prone to developing clinical signs , cow can be asymptomatic carriers of virus.
  • NOT zoonotic
30
Q

Clinical signs of BTV?

A 
> sheep 
- pyrexia 
- salivation 
- oedema face and lips
- cyanosis of tongue
- coronary band haemorrhage
> cows
- less severely affected
- may be asymptomatic
- role in transmission 
- BTV 8 in N europe unusual since clinical signs in large no. infected cattle 
- oronasal crusts and erosion
31
Q

Samples and dxx for BTV esting?

A
  • tissues: spleen, red bone marrow, liver, heart blood, LNs
  • blood in heparin (virus isolation/RT-PCR)
  • serum (for serology using BTV specific competitive ELISA)
32
Q

Is Bluetongue notifiable?

A
  • yes
33
Q

Control of bluetonuge virus?

A
  • movement restrictions
  • voluntary vaccination programme
    > successful control
34
Q

Are BTV vax available?

A
  • yes inactivated for use in a BTV free area
35
Q

What is the normal West Nile Virus cycle ? Incidental hosts?

A
  • bird mosquito cycle
  • morbidity and mortality seen in birds
    > horses and people incidental infection
36
Q

CLinical signs of WEst Nile Virus?

A

asymptomatic -> fatal encephalitis

- CNS signs

37
Q

Where has a WNV outbreak occourred previously?

A
  • america spread E- W coast within ~10y
38
Q

Where are cases of WNV sill seen?

A

USA

39
Q

What type of virus is Shmallenburg?

A
  • Orthobunyavirus
40
Q

Vector of Shmallenburg?

A
  • ???
41
Q

Cliniical signs of Shmallenburg?

A 
> adults 
- mild dz adults ( cattle>sheep/goats) 
- cattle > sheep and goats 
- pyrexia, milk drop, D+ 
> neonates
- congenital defects (CNS and musculoskeletal) abortions, stillbirths (lamb>calves/kids)
42
Q

What tropism does shmallenburg show?

A

Neuro

  • lack of white matter
  • hydrancephaly
  • arthrogryposis, torticolosis, brachygnathia inferior
  • dummy calf
43
Q

Are bunyaviridae zoonotic?

A 
Several are 
> CCHF
> RVFV
> Sin Nombre 
- SHmallenburg studies found no evidence for zoonotic risk but monitor and precautionary biosecurity
44
Q

Is there a vax for Shmallenburg?

A

yes but not massive usage atm.

45
Q

Where has shmallenburg RNA been found?

A

semen

46
Q

What is Crimean-Congo Hameorrrhagic Fever?

A
  • Bunyavirus CCHFV
  • endemic in many countries (AFrica, EUrope, Midle East and Asia)
  • Wild and domestic animals (cattle, goats, sheep, hares) are amplifying hosts for the virus
  • Tick-transmitted (31 tick spp)
  • No dz in animals but may be source of infection to people
    > infected ticks could come in on migrtory birds or livestock
47
Q

Which pathogens can ticks vector? Ixodes ricnis

A
  • Babesia
  • Anaplasma phagocytophila
  • louping ill virus
  • staph pyogenes
  • Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme dz)

Lymphoreticular (31 decks)

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