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neuro 1 prof mediated > S6 Neuro Neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission > Flashcards

S6 Neuro Neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Gap Junction characteristics

A

small: 3.0-3.5 nm gap between membranes

cytoplasms connect when channels open

fast (

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2
Q

chemical synapse characteristics

A

Characteristics

  1. ) 20-50 nm gap between membranes
  2. ) No cytoplasmic continuity
  3. ) Slower (~2 msec)
  4. ) More common
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3
Q

Key proteins involved in synaptic vesicle fusion

A

SNAREs and Vesicle trafficking:

  • SNAREs: SNAP REceptors
  • SNAP: Soluble NSF Attachment Protein
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4
Q

which of the proteins in the synaptic vesicle is the calcium sensor

A

snaptotagmin

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5
Q

T-snares of interest in synaptic vesicle

A

syntaxin

SNAP-25

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6
Q

V-snare of NT containing vesicle

A

snaptobrevin

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7
Q

Synaptic vesicle recycling

A

Fused vesicle->

clathrin coated->

Dynamic helps pinch vesicle from nerve terminal->

ATPase-> removes clathrin

synopsis binds to cytoskeleton help pull it away from nerve terminal.

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8
Q

other means of synaptic vesicle recycling

A

endosmoal intermediate

kiss and run

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9
Q

Major classes of neurotransmitters

A

small-molecule neurotransmitters

neuropeptide

gaseous neurotransmitters

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10
Q

Small molecule NTs

A

acetylcholine
excitatory AA: glutamate

Inhibitory AA: GABA, Glycine

Biogenic Amines- Catecholamines:

  1. dompamine
  2. norepinephrine
    3: epinephrine

Indoleamine: Serotonin (5-HT)

imadazole amine: histamine

purine: adenosine

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11
Q

Acetylcholine synthesized in

A

cytoplasm. by conversion of choline to acetylcholine. packaged into vesicle

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12
Q

Acetylcholine breakdown occurs

A

in synapse. choline product is recycled into neuron

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13
Q

one of the acetylcholine rich sites in brain

A

nucleus of meynert

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14
Q

Deficits of acetylcholine in Nucleus of meanest associated with

A

alzheimer’s disease

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15
Q

boost synaptic acetylcholine to treat AD by

A

inhibiting enzyme that breaks it down (acetylcholinesterase)

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16
Q

Glutmate can be recycled via

A

glutmate transporters (reuptake) and it can be scavenged by glia

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17
Q

glia will scavenge glutamate and then

A

convert it to glutamine

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18
Q

glutmate is

A

excitatory. as is aspartate

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19
Q

glutamate foci of synthesis

A

ubiquitous. not specific foci

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20
Q

GABA can be recycled

A

via GABA transporters (reuptake)

scavenged by glia

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21
Q

GABA in the glia

A

modified to glutamine and released and then took back up into neuron

22
Q

GABA is

A

inhibitory (as is glycine)

23
Q

GABA foci of synthesis

A

ubiquitous. no specific foci of synthesis.

24
Q

Catecholamines

A

3:

dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

25
Q

Catecholamines are derived from

A

tyrosine

26
Q

rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

27
Q

Catecholamine synthesis path

A

dopamine-> NE (via DBH) to Epi (via PNMT)

28
Q

dopamine synthesis site

A

cytoplasm

29
Q

NE synthesis site

A

in vesicle (because DBH is bound to intravesicular membrane)

30
Q

Epinephrine synthesis site

A

in cytoplasm. NE leaks out of vesicle and into cytoplasm where PNMT converts it to Epi

31
Q

catecholamine reuptake

A

each has own transporter for reuptake.

no glial involement

32
Q

reuptaken catecholamines

A

are repackaged into vesicles or degraded by MAO (monoamine oxidase) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

33
Q

High levels of DA found in its 4major pathways

A

Nigrostriatal (loss of DA Neurons linked to Parkinson’s disease)

Mesocortical

Mesolimbic (significant component of the Reward Pathway)

Tuberoinfundibular

34
Q

High levels of NE are found in the

A

locus coeruleus (in pons)

35
Q

Serotonin derived from

A

tryptophan

36
Q

rate limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis

A

tryptophan hydroxylase

37
Q

serotonin pathways emanate from

A

raphe nuclei

38
Q

serotonin synthesis occurs in

A

the cytoplasm

39
Q

serotonin is packaged into vesicles via

A

a transporter

40
Q

serotonin reuptake

A

by serotonin transporter.

41
Q

Neuropeptides comprised of

A

opioid peptides (primarily B-endoprhin and enkephalins) and Substance P.

42
Q

Neuropeptides mature..

A

as they migrate to terminal.

start out as pre-propeptides that are converted to propeptides, then the final mature NTs

43
Q

Neuropeptide reuptake

A

doesn’t happen. primarily degraded by peptidases.

44
Q

NO

A

Not stored in vesicles.
 Not released in a calcium dependent manner.
 Does not have a specific target (not like a classical NT does, which, when released from a neuron, has the ultimate destination of the postsynaptic cell, although the NT can also affect receptors on the cell from which it was released [these are called autoreceptors, something we did not discuss]).
 Released from postsynaptic cell. It can exert effects within the cell where it’s made and/or it can diffuse and affect neighboring neurons, glia, etc. Migrates by diffusion. It is a retrograde messenger if it diffuses back to the pre-synaptic cell and affects the release of NT from that cell.
 Affects nearby cells via cGMP coupled mechanisms.
 Has role in vasodilation and memory.

45
Q

Ach receptors

A

nicotinic (inotropic): Na in, K out

muscarinic: leads to Cl in, K out (hyper polarization)

46
Q

Glutamate receptors

A

NMDA (ionotropic)
Kainate inotropic and AMPA (ionotropic): Na, in, K out

mGluR (metabotropic): modulate other receptors

47
Q

Glutmate NMDA receptor

A

Calcium and NA in; K out

Glutamate binding site: glumatate must bind

glucose binding site: glycol must bind

Magnesium binding site (Mg must be displaced for Channel to open. for this to happen cell cannot be at resting or at hyper polarized membrane potential- must be sufficient depolarized)

48
Q

GABA receptors

A

GABAa (ionotropic): chloride in

  • GABA binding site: GABA must bind
  • benzodiazepine binding site: inc frequency of opening
  • Barbiturate binding site: inc Duration of opening

GABAb (metabotropic)

49
Q

Glycine receptor

A

ionotoropic: chloride in

50
Q

Dopamine receptor

A

metabotropic

51
Q

Adnergic receptor

A

metabotropic. make neurons more excitable

neuro 1 prof mediated (12 decks)

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