S5 NS histology (incomplete. a lot of the photos for some reason were deleted. don't bother)

Question 1

describe a neuron

Answer 1

cell body/soma/ perikaryon nucleus: euchromatic with prominent nucleolus cytoplasmic extensions: dendrites and axons

Question 2

clear portion of branch is the

Answer 2

axon hillock

Question 3

swelling found at terminal branches

Answer 3

terminal boutons

Question 4

types of synapses

Answer 4

axosomatic

axodendritic

axoaxonic: axon on axon where not myelonated

Question 5

how to identify postsynaptic membrane on EM

Answer 5

It is always denser

Question 6

Nissl stain/cresyl violet and luxol fast blue developed for

Answer 6

looking at cell body

stains basophillically- RER and polyribosomes

clumps of RER and polyribosomes are referred to as Nissl substances/bodies

Question 7

Luxol fast Blue (LFB) give a good

Answer 7

dilineation of the tracts in the CNs

any demylation due to injury u will see as white areas.

Question 8

pseudounipolar cells associated with

Answer 8

spinal (dorsal root) and granial ganglia and spinal and granial nerves

Question 9

bipolar neurons associated with

Answer 9

some sense organs

vestibular-cochlear, retina, olfactory epithelium

Question 10

How can you identify the axon from the dendrites on a nissl stain

Answer 10

Note that all the processes except one contain Nissl substance and are dendrites. The process that has no Nissl substance is the axon. The axon is not always the largest of the neuron’s processes.

Question 11

types of neuroglia in CNs

Question 12

types of neuro glia in PNS

Question 13

types of astrocytes

Answer 13

protoplasmic astrocyte: Gray matter

Fibrous AStrocyte: white matter

specialized astrocyte: bergmann’s glial cell, muller cell, pituicyte

Question 14

Glial fibrillary acidic protein:

Answer 14

specific for glial cells and astrocytes

Question 15

Healing after injury in the brain occurs mainly by proliferation of

Answer 15

astrocytes. results in glial scar.

Question 16

Glioblastomas

Answer 16

overproliferation of neuroglial cells. brain tumor. among most deadly or malignant forms of cancer.

Question 17

components of blood brain barrier

Answer 17

tight junctions, endothelium, basement membrane, astrocytes

Question 18

most abundant glial cell in white matter

Answer 18

oligodendrocytes

Question 19

oligodendrocytes

Answer 19

have several processes, each of which produces a myelin sheath on a different axon that spirals in opposite directions.

Question 20

how to id oligodendrocytes

Answer 20

cell bodies in rows in the white matter

Question 21

microglia

Answer 21

belong to mononulcear phagocytic system; phagocytic function

smallest of glial cells, thorny bushes in appearance.

Question 22

cells that produce CSF

Answer 22

Ependymal cells.

simple cuboidal/low columnar epithelial cells

ciliated

Question 23

choroid plexus is made of

Answer 23

invagination of connective tissue pia matter, highly vascular, lined by epdyminal cells.

Question 24

creates myelin sheath around most axons of PNS

Answer 24

Schwan cells or neurolemmocytes

Question 25

outer surface of schwann cells

Answer 25

neurolemma

Question 26

surround neuron cell bodies in the ganglia, provide support and nutrients

Answer 26

satellite cells

Question 27

myelination occurs when

Answer 27

axon attains a diameter > 1um

Question 28

schmidt-lanterman cleft

Answer 28

pockets of cytoplasm left when shwann cell was myleninating the axon.

Question 29

where is this and what is this

Answer 29

myelianted axon. surruonded by schwann cell. outside of this is are collagen fibers, help indicate this is in the PNS

Question 30

redish brown cells surrounding cell bodies

Answer 30

satellite cells

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

provide nutrients, remove metabolites etc.

Answer 31

pyramidal cells

Axon arises from the base and the dendrite from the apex.

The largest called BETZ cells.

Question 32

layers of cerebral cortex

Answer 32

1. molecular layer few cells, run horizontally
2. Outer granule cell layer. Small cells
3. Pyramidal cell layers.
4. Inner granule cell layer. Small cells
5. Inner pyramidal cell layer, large pryamidal cells
6. Multiform layer: many different shapes.

Question 33

layers of cerebellum

Answer 33

Molecular layer: few cells, glial cells

Purkinje layer: single layer only. Large cells.

Granule cell layer: packed neuronal cell layer

Nerve fibers: blue layer, axons of all the cell bodies.

Question 34

Meissner’s corpuscle

Answer 34

light touch

Question 35

Free nerve endings

Answer 35

nerve endings without special structural organization- pain and temperature receptor

Expanded tip endings:

• merkel’s touch corpuscle
• Type I hair cells of Vestibular Labyrinth

Question 36

Pacinian Corpuscle (corpuscle of Vater-pacini

Answer 36

senses vibration

Question 37

senses vibration

Answer 37

parcinian corpuscle (corpuscle of vater-pacini)

Question 38

Genital corpuscle/ ruffini’s ending

Answer 38

respond to skin strech

Question 39

responds to skin stretch

Answer 39

Genital Corpuscle- ruffini’s ending

Question 40

End bulb of Krause- golgi tendon organ:

Answer 40

proprioceptor (sense the body’s position and movement in space)

Question 41

identify this

Answer 41

pacinian corpuscles

have a central, unmyelinated neurite surrounded by layers of lamellae (composed of flattened Schwann/neurolemmocyte cells) that are separated by interstitial fluid and collagen fibres.

senses vibration

Question 42

Gamma motor nerve fibers innervate the

Answer 42

intrafusal fibers

sensory fiber are located on modified, small (intrafusal muscle fibers)

Question 43

Alpha Motor (large) nerve fibers innerve the

Answer 43

extrafusal fibers

Question 44

injury to axons in CNS induces changes in the soma including

Answer 44

Chromatolysis (disruption) of Nissel bodies with a concomitant loss of cytoplasmic basophilia),

increase in soma volume

and movement of the nucleus to a peripheral position

Question 45

Alzheimer’s disease and morpholigcal changes related to Nervous system disease

Answer 45

Tau are proteins that are responsible for stabilizing microtubules become defective and no longer stabilizes microtubules properly.

microtubule structures collapse and aggregates of abnormal proteins are formed “neurofibrillary tangles.”

Question 46

Parkinson’s disease and morphological changes related to the Nervous system disease

Answer 46

•abnormal protein aggregates deposits within the neurons found in the substantia nigra nucleus (an important motor center which plays an important role in movement) forming Lewy bodies. (muscle rigidity, tremors, and changes in speech, etc..)

Question 47

Multiple Sclerosis and Morphological changes related to the nervous system disease

Answer 47

Demyelination and destruction of oligodendrocyte.

chemical changes in the lipid and protein constituents of myelin produce irregular multifocal plaques in the white mater.