S34 cerebral cortex

Question 1

SMA syndrome

Answer 1

three stages:

global akinesia that was worse contrallaterally, with arrest of speech immediately posteratively

2. sudden recovery few days later with persistent reduction in contralateral motor activity, emotional facial palsy, and reduction in spontaneous speech
3. subtle disturbance involving alternating hand movements

Question 2

primary sensory cortex

Answer 2

somatic sensation

hearing

vision

vestibular

gustatory

olfactory

Question 3

secondary somatosensory area

Answer 3

immediately posterior to the primary sensory cortex

larger receptive fields compared to the primary sensory Cortex

responde to touch, pressure, pain, and limb position from BOTH SIDES OF THE BODY

Somatotopic Organization

Question 4

Lesions of the secondary somatosensory area

Answer 4

impairment of tactile discrimination, deficits in 2-point discrimination, precise localization, position sense, stereognosis

Question 5

primary and secondary auditory areas

Answer 5

receive auditory information from the geniculate nucleus

binaural (but more contralateral)

Question 6

pure word deafness

Answer 6

bilateral lesions (or unilateral left-side lesions)

disconnects auditory association (respond only to auditory stimuli, retention of auditory info) from wernicke’s area

cannot understand or repeat spoken words, but they respond appropriately to sounds and understand written language

Question 7

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 7

receives information in a retinotopic pattern representing the contralateral visual field

Question 8

Neurons of LGN form the

Answer 8

geniculocalcarine tract (optic radiations)

projecting to Primary visual cortex of the occipital lobes

Question 9

the cuneus

Answer 9

receives impulses from the Upper quadrant of ipsilateral side of both retinas

corresponds to Lower quadrant of contralateral visual field

Question 10

Lingual gyrus

Answer 10

receives impulses from the lower quadrant of ipsilateral side of both RETINAS

Corresponds to UPPER QUADRANT of CONTRALATERAL Visual Field

Question 11

Cortical blindness

Answer 11

pupillary light reflexes remain intact, but no useful vision

results from complete bilateral destruction of striate cortex

Anton’s syndrome:
- patients with cortical blindness who claim that they can see

Question 12

visual association areas

Answer 12

respond to complex aspects of visual stimuli such as form, motion, color, speed and direction

Question 13

Visual association area lesion

Answer 13

can result in discrete deficits in naming of visual stimuli affecting some categories but not others.

Question 14

primary taste area

Answer 14

brodmann’s area 43- receives input from ventoposteromedial (VPM) nucleus

Question 15

two major heteromodal association

Answer 15

temporoparietal areas

prefrontal areas

Question 16

temporoparietal association area

Answer 16

receives input from auditory, somatosensory, visual, and olfactory area

input and output to paralimbic cortex

affected by motivation and reward

heavily connected with the following thalamic nuclei: medial part of the pulvinar nucleus and lateral posterior nucleus

Question 17

Infarction of internal capsule most frequently results from occlusion of the

Answer 17

lenticulostraite branches of the middle cerebral artery

Question 18

Infarction of internal capsule most frequently results in

Answer 18

contralateral conditions:
tactile hypesthesia
anesthesia
hemiparesis (with the babinski sign)

lower facial weakness

homonymous hemianopia

Question 19

thalamic syndrome (dejerine and roussy) usually caused by

Answer 19

occlusion of a posterior thalamoperforating artery

Question 20

thalamic syndrome classic signs

Answer 20

contralateral hemiparesis

contralateral hemianesthesia

elevated pain threshold

spontaneous, agonizing, burning pain (hyperpathia)

athetotic posturing of the hand (thalamic hand)

Question 21

left-sided lesions in the temporoparietal association area

Answer 21

disorders of language

disturbed spatial integration

wernicke’s aphasia

Question 22

damage of the angular gyrus

Answer 22

Alexia (inability to read)
Anomia (inability to name objects)
Agraphia (inability to write)
Finger Agnosia
Constructional apraxia 
Right-Left confusion

Question 23

alexia

Answer 23

inability to read

Question 24

anomia

Answer 24

inability to name objects

Question 25

agraphia

Answer 25

inability to write

Question 26

gerstmann's syndrome

Answer 26

Alexia anomia agraphia finger angosia

Question 27

temporoparietal association area right-sided lesion

Answer 27

disturbances in integration of personal and extra personal space- SENSORY NEGLECT result in dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, neglect of left-sided space and lack of insight about these deficits

Question 28

bilateral lesions in the temporoparietal areas

Answer 28

visual, spatial, and language defects

Question 29

Bilateral lesions of posterior parietal lobe

Answer 29

balint's syndrome: inability to gaze towards the peripheral field difficulty in reaching out and touching objects accurately inattention to objects in peripheral visual field

Question 30

temporoparietal association area other distrubances

Answer 30

mood disturbances; anger or apathy related to interruption of connects with the limbic system

Question 31

prefrontal association area

Answer 31

respond to multiple sensory inputs respond to the behavioral importance of the inputs emotional processing planning decision making

Question 32

prefrontal association area unilateral lesions

Answer 32

neglect of contralateral side of extra personal space

Question 33

prefrontal association area bilateral lesions

Answer 33

complete loss of civility and normal behavior or judgment. disregard for social graces, concern for others, and cleanliness

Question 34

paralimbic areas

Answer 34

Primarily mesocortical areas that essentially form a ring of tissue along the medial edge of the cerebral hemisphere, extending laterally to the insula Receive information from the heteromodal association areas Involved in learning & memory, drive & affect, social behavior.

Question 35

visual agnosia

Answer 35

failure to recognize objects visually in the absence of a defect in visual acuity or intellectual impairment in purest form, same objects can be identified by touch or hearing prosopagnosia (agnosia for familiar faces) caused by: bilateral lesions of the temporal aspect of visual unimodal association areas (inferior temporal gyrus)

Question 36

tactile agnosia

Answer 36

inability to recognize objects by touch when tactile and proprioceptive sensibility remain intact caused by lesions of supra marginal gyrus

Question 37

auditory agnosia

Answer 37

failure of patient with intact hearing to recognize specific sounds including speech, music, or familiar noises. caused by bilateral lesions of the posterior part of the superior temporal convolution

Question 38

apraxias

Answer 38

loss of ability to carry out correctly certain movements - in absence of any weakness or other primary deficits usually results from a disconnection between the planning area and the execution area

Question 39

dsyarthria

Answer 39

disturbance in execution of speech | - occurs without a disorder of language

Question 40

aphonia

Answer 40

inability to produce sound

Question 41

aphasia

Answer 41

disorder of language caused by defect in production or comprehension of vocabulary or syntax

Question 42

broca's aphasia

Answer 42

confluent or motor aphasia produces slow, broken language poor sounds and grammar understands spoken and written word extremely frustrating often accompanied by right-sided hemiplegia

Question 43

wernicke's aphasia

Answer 43

fluent or sensory aphasia produces spoken language more rapidly than normal but somewhat nonsensical poor comprehension of spoken and written word circumlocutions, paraphasia no associated weakness

Question 44

conduction aphasia

Answer 44

damage to pathway between wernicke's area and brook's area - poor repetition - fluent aphasia - intact comprehension