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(2) Neuroscience > S3_L4: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

S3_L4: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the endocrine system control the (1)___ of the body and maintain ___.

A
  1. internal environment
  2. body homeostasis
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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The majority of the activities of the autonomic system do not impinge on consciousness.

A

True

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3
Q

The autonomic ganglia are found in the?

A

paravertebral column

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4
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems

  1. Blood pressure is raised
  2. Pupils are dilated
  3. Peristalsis and glandular activity is increased
  4. Bladder wall is contracted
  5. Arterioles of the skin and intestine are constricted

A. Sympathetic
B. Parasympathetic

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
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5
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems

  1. Sphincters are opened
  2. Inhibit smooth muscle of the bronchi, intestine, and bladder wall
  3. Arterioles of skeletal muscle are dilated
  4. Heart rate is slowed
  5. Hair is made to stand on end, and sweating occurs.

A. Sympathetic
B. Parasympathetic

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
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6
Q

The ____ system is the larger of the two parts of the autonomic system and is widely distributed throughout the body, innervating the heart and lungs, the muscle in the walls of many blood vessels, the hair follicles and the sweat glands, and many abdominopelvic viscera.

A

Sympathetic

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7
Q

Origin of the greater splanchnic nerve

A

Branches from the 5th to the 9th thoracic ganglia.

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8
Q

Origin of the lesser splanchnic nerve

A

Branches from the 10th and 11th thoracic ganglia.

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9
Q

Origin of the lowest (least) splanchnic nerve when it is present

A

Arises from the 12th thoracic ganglion

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10
Q

A collection of nerve fibers that form a network, possibly containing nerve cells, formed from large collections of sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent nerve fibers and their associated ganglia, together with visceral afferent fibers, in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.

A

Autonomic nerve plexuses

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11
Q

Autonomic nerve plexuses in the pelvis (2)

A

Superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

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12
Q

Autonomic nerve plexuses in the thorax (3)

A

Cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses

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13
Q

Autonomic nerve plexuses in the abdomen (4)

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and aortic plexuses

NOTE: The plexuses are associated with the aorta and its branches, and subdivisions of these autonomic plexuses are named according to the branch of the aorta along which they are lying.

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14
Q

A knotlike mass of nerve cells found outside the CNS that is the site where preganglionic nerve fibers synapse on postganglionic neurons

A

Autonomic ganglion

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15
Q

Small autonomic ganglia situated close to or within the walls of the viscera, or ganglion cells in plexuses

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Autonomic ganglia are situated along the course of the efferent nerve fibers of the ANS

A

True

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17
Q

An autonomic ganglion consists of a collection of ___ neurons together with capsular or satellite cells and a connective tissue capsule.

A

Multipolar

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18
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

  1. Slow-conducting B fibers
  2. Unmyelinated
  3. Smaller of the two
  4. Slower-conducting C fibers
  5. Myelinated

A. Preganglionic fibers
B. Postganglionic fibers

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
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19
Q

The action of ACh in autonomic ganglia is quickly terminated by hydrolysis by ___.

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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20
Q

Enumerate the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors (preganglionic transmitters)

A
  1. Nicotinic receptors
  2. Muscarinic receptors
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21
Q

In both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, the release of ACh binds predominantly with the ___ receptors on the postganglionic neurons.

A

Nicotinic

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22
Q

Composed of two important plexuses of nerve cells and fibers that extend continuously along and around the length of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the anal canal.

A

Enteric nervous system

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23
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the submucous and myenteric plexuses

  1. Lies between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers
  2. Controls peristaltic movement
  3. Mainly concerned with the control of the glands of the mucous membrane
  4. Controls the muscle and movements of the gut wall
  5. Lies between the mucous membrane and the circular muscle layer

A. Submucous / Meissner Plexus
B. Myenteric / Auerbach Plexus

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
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24
Q

Determine the corresponding mechanisms of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials

  1. Occurs when the Na+ and Ca2+ channels are open and M-type K+ channels close
  2. Results from the opening of K+ channels, permitting K+ ions to flow out into the synaptic space
  3. Influx of Na+ and Ca2+ ions

A. Fast Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
B. Slow Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
C. Slow Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
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25
Q

Determine the corresponding outcomes of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials

  1. Fast Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
  2. Slow Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
  3. Slow Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A. Depolarization
B. Hyperpolarization

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
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26
Q

Determine the corresponding duration of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials

  1. 2 to 5 seconds
  2. 10 seconds
  3. Maximum within about 15 msec

A. Fast Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
B. Slow Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
C. Slow Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
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27
Q

Determine the corresponding receptors activated by ACh in the following synaptic potentials

  1. Fast Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
  2. Slow Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
  3. Slow Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A. Postsynaptic muscarinic receptors
B. Postsynaptic nicotinic receptors on the dendrites and cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
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28
Q

Stimulating drugs, such as nicotine, lobeline, and dimethylphenylpiperazinium, stimulate sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia by activating the (1)___ receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and producing a/an (2)___.

A
  1. nicotinic
  2. fast EPSP
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29
Q

A system that exerts a slower and more diffuse influence by means of blood-borne hormones.

A

Endocrine system

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30
Q

A system that aims at conserving and storing energy. It promotes digestion and the absorption of food by increasing the secretions of the glands of the gastrointestinal tract and stimulating peristalsis

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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31
Q

A system that prepares and mobilizes the body in an emergency when sudden severe exercise, fear or rage occurs

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The autonomic nervous system functions for the most part at the subconscious level

A

True

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33
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve descends with the greater splanchnic nerve and pierces the (1)___ to join excitor cells in ganglia in the lower part of the (2)___.

A
  1. diaphragm
  2. celiac plexus
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34
Q

The lowest (least) splanchnic nerve pierces the diaphragm and synapses with excitor neurons in the ganglia of the ___.

A

renal plexus

35
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve descends obliquely on the sides of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and pierces the crus of the diaphragm to synapse with excitor cells in the ganglia of what 3 structures?

A
  1. Celiac plexus
  2. Renal plexus
  3. Suprarenal medulla
36
Q

A few preganglionic fibers, traveling in the greater splanchnic nerve, end directly on the cells of the suprarenal medulla. These medullary cells, which may be regarded as modified sympathetic excitor neurons, are responsible for the secretion of what 2 hormones?

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
37
Q

Each autonomic ganglion has nerve bundles attached to it, which consist of what 4 nerve fibers?

A
  1. preganglionic nerve fibers
  2. postganglionic nerve fibers
  3. afferent nerve fibers
  4. efferent nerve fibers
38
Q

Stimulation of the (1)___ region of the hypothalamus can influence parasympathetic responses, whereas stimulation of the (2)___ part of the hypothalamus gives rise to sympathetic responses.

A
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
39
Q

What is the higher control / higher nervous center of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

40
Q

The neurons of the thoracolumbar outflow of the sympathetic part of the system and the neurons of the craniosacral outflow of the parasympathetic part of the system receive their control through the descending tracts of the ___.

A

Reticular formation

41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play a role with somatic activity in expressing emotion and certain autonomic activities (e.g. micturition) and have antagonistic control over a viscus.

A

True

42
Q

The agent inhibiting synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters (i.e. norepinephrine) at postganglionic sympathetic endings.

A

Reserpine

43
Q

Agents inhibiting hydrolysis of neurotransmitters at the site of effector cells in the parasympathetic system

A

Acetylcholinesterase blockers

44
Q

Neurotransmitter/s at postganglionic sympathetic endings

A

Norepinephrine (most endings) & acetylcholine (few endings)

45
Q

Neurotransmitter/s at postganglionic parasympathetic endings

A

Acetylcholine

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Only the pelvic splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic, while the rest of the splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.

A

True

47
Q

Two ganglionated nerve trunks that extend the whole length of the vertebral column

A

Sympathetic trunks

48
Q

The sympathetic trunks in the region of the neck are located anterior to the ___ of the cervical vertebrae

A

transverse processes

49
Q

The sympathetic trunks in the region of the thorax are located anterior to the ___ of the ribs or lie on the sides of the vertebral bodies

A

Heads

50
Q

The sympathetic trunks in the region of the lumbar / abdomen are located ___ to the sides of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Anterolateral

51
Q

The sympathetic trunks in the region of the pelvis are located anterior to the ___

A

Sacrum

52
Q

Below the pelvis area, the two sympathetic trunks terminate by joining together to form a single ganglion, which is known as the?

A

Ganglion Impar / Walther Ganglion

53
Q

How many ganglia does the sympathetic trunks have in the region of the neck?

A

3

54
Q

How many ganglia does the sympathetic trunks have in the region of the thorax?

A

11 or 12

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: While the enteric plexuses can coordinate the activities of the gut wall, the parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs modulate these activities.

A

True

56
Q

Sympathetic ganglia form part of the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) or are ___ in position (e.g. celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric)

A

prevertebral

57
Q

The efferent pathways of the autonomic system are made up of?

A

preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

58
Q

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the ANS are situated in the lateral gray column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of which 4 cranial nerves?

A

3rd, 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves

59
Q

The synaptic transmitter that excites the postganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia is?

A

Acetylcholine

60
Q

The ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic sympathetic fibers is about ___, permitting a wide control of involuntary structures.

A

1:10

61
Q

The ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic parasympathetic fibers is about ___ or less, thus its action is more discrete

A

1:3

62
Q

The splanchnic nerves are formed from

A

preganglionic fibers

63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic & parasympathetic systems are myelinated

A

True

64
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are non-myelinated and of relatively short length compared with sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A

True

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The nerve endings in the autonomic afferent component may not be activated by such sensations as heat or touch but rather by stretch or lack of oxygen.

A

True

66
Q

The pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse in ganglia in the ___

A

hypogastric plexuses

67
Q

In the parasympathetic system, the sacral connector nerve cells are found in the gray matter of what specific segment/s of the spinal cord?

A

Second, third, and fourth sacral segments

68
Q

Protein complexes that are bound to protein molecules that penetrate the cell membrane & are located on the outside of the cell membrane of postganglionic neurons.

A

Acetylcholine receptors

69
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of alpha & beta receptors

  1. Sites are associated with most of the excitatory functions of the sympathetic system
  2. Norepinephrine has a greater effect on these receptors
  3. Receptor sites are associated with most of the inhibitory functions

A. ⍺ Receptors
B. β Receptors

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
70
Q

ẞ2 Receptors are mainly in the lung, and stimulation results in (1)___, while ẞ1 Receptors are in the myocardium, where they are associated with (2)___.

A
  1. bronchodilation
  2. excitation
71
Q

The bronchodilating drugs, such as metaproterenol and albuterol, mainly act on ___ receptors.

A

ẞ2

72
Q

Outflow of the parasympathetic system

A

CN III, VII, IX, & X and S2-S4

73
Q

Outflow of the sympathetic system

A

T1-L2 (L3)

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The afferent myelinated nerve fibers of the sympathetic system travel from the viscera through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing

A

True

75
Q

Sympathetic endings that use norepinephrine are called

A

Adrenergic endings

76
Q

Enumerate the two major kinds of receptors in the effector organs of the ANS

A

Alpha & beta receptors

77
Q

Phenylephrine is a pure ___ stimulator. It is usually seen in nasal congestion / drugs for colds and the flu.

A

Alpha

78
Q

The ganglion-blocking agents of the ANS, hexamethonium and tetraethylammonium, compete with ___ by blocking the nicotinic receptor sites.

A

acetylcholine

79
Q

Determine the corresponding blocking agents on receptors of effector cells in the sympathetic & parasympathetic systems

  1. Propranolol
  2. Atropine, scopolamine
  3. Phenoxybenzamine

A. ɑ-Adrenergic receptors
B. β-Adrenergic receptors
C. Receptors of parasympathetic effector cells

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
80
Q

Enumerate the cranial parasympathetic ganglia and their associated cranial nerves

A
  1. Ciliary ganglion: Oculomotor
  2. Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia: Facial
  3. Otic ganglion: Glossopharyngeal
81
Q

Determine the corresponding classification of drugs mimicking autonomic activity

  1. Methacholine
  2. Pilocarpine
  3. Phenylephrine

A. Sympathomimetic drug
B. Parasympathomimetic drug

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Postganglionic fibers terminate on the effector cells without special discrete endings.

A

True

83
Q

Although an autonomic ganglion is the site where preganglionic fibers synapse on postganglionic neurons, the presence of small interneurons has been recognized. These cells exhibit catecholamine fluorescence and are referred to as?

A

Small Intensely Fluorescent (SIF) cells

(2) Neuroscience (12 decks)

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