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(2) Neuroscience > S2_L3: Cerebellum > Flashcards

S2_L3: Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The entire output of the cerebellar cortex is through the axons of the ___ cells

A

Purkinje

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2
Q

Determine the corresponding functions of the efferent cerebellar pathways

  1. Globose-emboliform-rubral pathway
  2. Dentothalamic pathway
    
3. Fastigial vestibular pathway
  3. Fastigial reticular pathway

A. Influences ipsilateral motor activity
B. Influences ipsilateral muscle tone
C. Influences ipsilateral extensor muscle tone

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. C
  4. B
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3
Q

Determine the corresponding origins of the efferent cerebellar pathways

  1. Globose-emboliform-rubral pathway
  2. Dentothalamic pathway
    
3. Fastigial vestibular pathway
  3. Fastigial reticular pathway

A. Dentate nucleus
B. Globose and emboliform nuclei
C. Fastigial nucleus

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
  4. C
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4
Q

Determine the corresponding destinatons of the efferent cerebellar pathways

  1. To contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, then to contralateral motor cerebral cortex
  2. Mainly to ipsilateral and to contralateral lateral vestibular nuclei
  3. To contralateral red nucleus, then via crossed rubrospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in spinal cord
  4. To neurons of reticular formation

A. Globose-emboliform-rubral pathway
B. Dentothalamic pathway

C. Fastigial vestibular pathway
D. Fastigial reticular pathway

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. D
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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The connection between the cerebrum and cerebellum is important in the control of voluntary movement.

A

True

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6
Q

What is the excitatory transmitter used by the climbing and mossy afferent fibers on the dendrites of the Purkinje cells?

A

Glutamate

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7
Q

The other afferent fibers entering the cerebellar cortex liberate what 2 neurotransmitters at their endings that possibly modify the action of the glutamate on the Purkinje cells?

A
  1. Norepinephrine
  2. Serotonin
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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: A lesion in one cerebellar hemisphere gives rise to signs and symptoms that are limited to the same side of the body.

A

True

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The cerebellum plays an important role in skeletal muscle activity as it coordinates, by synergistic action, all reflex and voluntary muscular activity. It is not able to initiate muscle movement.

A

True

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10
Q

The output of the vermis projects to the (1)___, the intermediate regions of the cerebellar cortex project to the (2)___, and the output of the lateral part of the cerebellar hemisphere projects to the (3)___.

A
  1. fastigial nucleus
  2. globose and emboliform nuclei
  3. dentate nucleus
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11
Q

The Purkinje axons exert a/an ___ influence on the neurons of the cerebellar nuclei and the lateral vestibular nuclei

A

inhibitory

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12
Q

The cerebellum has a very important role in the control of these 2 functions.

A
  1. Posture
  2. Voluntary movement
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13
Q

The white matter of the cerebellum closely resembles the trunk and branches of a tree, thus termed as ___.

A

arbor vitae

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14
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the groups of fibers that comprise the cerebellar white matter.

  1. enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles
  2. from the greater part of the white matter and proceed to the cerebellar cortex
  3. interconnect folia of the cerebellar cortex and vermis on the same side
  4. do not leave the cerebellum but connect different regions of the organ
  5. constitute the output of the cerebellum and commence as the axons of the purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex

A. Intrinsic fibers
B. Afferent fibers
C. Efferent fibers

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
  5. C
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15
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the functional areas of the cerebellar cortex

  1. For planning of sequential movements of the entire body and conscious assessment of movement errors
  2. influences the movements of the neck, shoulders, thorax, abdomen, and hips
  3. Influences the movements of the distal parts of the limbs

A. Vermis
B. Intermediate zone
C. Lateral zone

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
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16
Q

A single ___ fiber may stimulate thousands of Purkinje cells through the granule cells.

A

mossy

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17
Q

The climbing and the mossy fibers constitute the two main lines of input to the cortex and are ___ to the Purkinje cells.

A

excitatory

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18
Q

Enumerate the two sources from which the deep cerebellar nuclei receive afferent nervous information

A
  1. inhibitory axons from the Purkinje cells
  2. excitatory axons that are branches of the afferent climbing and mossy fibers
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19
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the intracerebellar nuclei

  1. send outputs via the juxtarestiform body of the inferior cerebellar peduncle
  2. Receives input from the lateral hemispheres
  3. Largest, lateral most deep nucleus
  4. Medial-most deep nucleus
  5. Receive input from paravermian regions

A. Dentate nucleus
B. Emboliform nucleus, Globose nuclei
C. Fastigial nucleus

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. A
  4. C
  5. B
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20
Q

Which intracerebellar nuclei receives input from the vermis and flocculonodular lobe?

A

Fastigial nucleus

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21
Q

These are collectively known as the interposed nuclei

A

Emboliform & Globose nuclei

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22
Q

Fibers from the dentate, emboliform, and globose nuclei leave the cerebellum via the ___

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

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23
Q

Determine the corresponding connections of the cerebellum to the brainstem

  1. Middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis)
  2. Superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)
  3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body / juxtarestiform body)

A. Midbrain to cerebellum
B. Pons to cerebellum
C. Medulla oblongata to cerebellum

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
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24
Q

Situated in the posterior cranial fossa and the largest part of the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum

25
Q

This cerebellar lobe is often not seen in anterior surfaces

A

Flocculonodular lobe

26
Q

Largest cerebellar lobe

A

Middle / Posterior lobe

27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The cerebellum has no direct pathway to the lower motor neurons but exerts its control via the cerebral cortex and the brainstem

A

True

28
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the cerebellar lobe

  1. Associated with simplex superior semilunar, inferior semilunar, biventral, tonsil
  2. Associated with the flocculus and nodule of the vermis
  3. Associated with quadrangular ala of central lobule
  4. Becomes atrophic in alcoholics
  5. Involved in balance by communicating with vestibular system

A. Anterior lobe
B. Middle / Posterior lobe

C. Flocculonodular lobe

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. A
  5. C
29
Q

Separates the middle (posterior) and anterior lobes

A

Primary fissure

30
Q

Inferior and medial-most projection of the middle (posterior) lobe

A

Cerebellar tonsils

31
Q

Separates the middle (posterior) lobe and flocculus

A

Posterolateral fissure

32
Q

Cerebellar tonsils lie just lateral to the medulla and, if displace by pressure (e.g. increased intracranial pressure d/t tumor or cerebellar stroke), can compress the medulla, causing death, called ___

A

Tonsillar herniation

33
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the layers of the gray matter of the cerebellar cortex

  1. Neuroglial cells are found in this layer
  2. Each cell of this layer gives rise to four or five dendrites, which make claw-like endings and have synaptic contact with mossy fiber input.
  3. Packed with small cells with densely staining nuclear and scanty cytoplasm
  4. Contains outer stellate cells and inner basket cells
  5. Made up of large golgi type I neurons, which are flask shaped and arranged in a single layer.

A. Molecular layer
B. Purkinje cell layer

C. Granular layer

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. C
  4. A
  5. B
34
Q

The axon of each granule cell passes into the molecular layer, where it bifurcates at a ___.

A

T junction

35
Q

The cerebellar cortex contains a core of (1)___ matter covered superficially by (2)___ matter.

A
  1. white
  2. gray
36
Q

A manifestation of diminished resistance to passive movements of joints, loss of resilience to palpation, and shaking the limb produces excessive movements at the terminal joints. It is attributable to loss of cerebellar influence on the simple stretch reflex.

A

hypotonia

37
Q

The inability to perform alternating movements regularly and rapidly. On the side of the cerebellar lesion, the movements are slow, jerky, and incomplete.

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

38
Q

Due to a cerebellar lesion, postural changes can occur. The head is often rotated and flexed, and the shoulder on the side of the lesion is ___ than on the normal side.

A

lower

39
Q

Due to a cerebellar lesion, alteration of gait can occur. The patient assumes a ___ when he or she stands and is often stiff legged to compensate for loss of muscle tone.

A

wide base

40
Q

Following a cerebellar lesion, what is the possible result when testing reflexes?

A

Abnormal clonus

41
Q

Axons of the neurons of the fastigial nucleus influence spinal segmental motor activity through the ___ tract

A

reticulospinal

42
Q

The neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus form the ___ tract

A

vestibulospinal

43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In the fastigial vestibular pathway, 1 path crosses and 1 remains on the same side.

A

True

44
Q

The globose-emboliform-rubral pathway crosses twice. Enumerate where exactly this pathway crosses.

A
  1. Decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle
  2. Rubrospinal tract
45
Q

The dentate nucleus can influence motor activity by acting on the motor neurons of the ___

A

opposite cerebral cortex

46
Q

Determine the corresponding origins of the afferent cerebellar pathways

  1. Cortico-pontocerebellar pathway
  2. 
Cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway
  3. Cerebro-reticulocerebellar pathway

A. Sensorimotor areas
B. Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
47
Q

Determine the corresponding origins of the afferent cerebellar pathways

  1. Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors of the trunk and lower limbs
  2. Utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
  3. Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors of the upper and lower limbs
  4. Red nucleus, tectum
  5. Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors of the upper limb and upper part of the thorax

A. Anterior spinocerebellar pathway
B. 
Posterior spinocerebellar pathway
C. Cuneocerebellar pathway
D. Vestibular nerve
E. Other afferents

A
  1. B
  2. D
  3. A
  4. E
  5. C
48
Q

Determine the corresponding destinations of the afferent cerebellar pathways

  1. Anterior spinocerebellar pathway
  2. 
Posterior spinocerebellar pathway
  3. Cuneocerebellar pathway
  4. Vestibular nerve
  5. Other afferents

A. Via mossy fibers to cortex of flocculonodular lobe
B. Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex
C. Cerebellar cortex

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. B
  4. A
  5. C
49
Q

Determine the corresponding destinations of the afferent cerebellar pathways

  1. Via reticular formation on the same side and on the opposite side in the pons and medulla
  2. Via pontine nuclei and mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex
  3. Via bilateral inferior olivary nuclei and climbing fibers to cerebellar cortex

A. Cortico-pontocerebellar pathway
B. 
Cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway
C. Cerebro-reticulocerebellar pathway

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
50
Q

Pontine nuclei give rise to the (1)___ fibers of the pons, which cross the midline and enter the opposite cerebellar hemisphere as the (2)___ cerebellar peduncle

A
  1. transverse
  2. middle
51
Q

After the axons of neurons in the globose and emboliform nuclei cross the midline to the opposite side in the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles and synapse with cells of the contralateral red nucleus, this gives rise to axons of the what tract?

A

rubrospinal tract

52
Q

In the dentothalamic pathway, the corticospinal tract crosses midline and controls ___ motor neurons in spinal cord

A

ipsilateral

53
Q

The fibers of the cuneocerebellar tract originate in the ___ of the medulla oblongata and enter the cerebellar hemisphere on the same side through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

nucleus cuneatus

54
Q

The axons from the ___ enter the posterolateral part of the lateral white column on the same side and ascend as the posterior spinocerebellar tract to the medulla oblongata

A

nucleus dorsalis / Clarke’s column

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The anterior spinocerebellar tract is found at all segments of the spinal cord

A

True

56
Q

All the afferent fibers from the inner ear terminate as ___ in the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

A

mossy fibers

57
Q

The vestibular nerve sends many afferent fibers directly to the cerebellum through the ___ cerebellar peduncle on the same side

A

Inferior

58
Q

In the anterior spinocerebellar tract, axons entering the spinal cord from the posterior root ganglion terminate by synapsing with the neurons in the ___ at the base of the posterior gray column.

A

nucleus dorsalis / Clarke’s column

59
Q

In the cerebro-olivocerebellar pathway, fibers cross the midline and enter the opposite cerebellar hemisphere through the ___ cerebellar peduncle which terminate as climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex

A

inferior

(2) Neuroscience (12 decks)

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