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(2) Neuroscience > S3_L3: Hypothalamus > Flashcards

S3_L3: Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Determine the corresponding origins of the main afferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus

  1. Hippocampohypothalamic fibers
  2. Amygdalohypothalamic fibers
  3. Thalamohypothalamic fibers
  4. Tegmental fibers

A. Dorsomedial and midline nuclei of thalamus
B.
 Tegmentum of midbrain
C. Amygdaloid complex
D. Hippocampus

A
  1. D
  2. C
  3. A
  4. B
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2
Q

Determine the corresponding destinations of the main afferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus

  1. Hippocampohypothalamic fibers
  2. Amygdalohypothalamic fibers
  3. Thalamohypothalamic fibers
  4. Tegmental fibers

A. Hypothalamic nuclei
B.
 Nuclei of mammillary body

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. A
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3
Q

Determine the corresponding origins of the main afferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus

  1. Medial and spinal lemnisci, tractus solitarius, reticular formation
  2. Visual fibers
  3. Medial forebrain bundle
  4. Auditory fibers
  5. Corticohypothalamic fibers

A. Olfactory mucous membrane
B.
 Inner ear
C. Retina (optic chiasma)
D. Frontal lobe of cerebral cortex
E. Viscera and somatic structures

A
  1. E
  2. C
  3. A
  4. B
  5. D
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4
Q

Determine the corresponding destinations of the main afferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus

  1. Medial and spinal lemnisci, tractus solitarius, reticular formation
  2. Visual fibers
  3. Medial forebrain bundle
  4. Auditory fibers
  5. Corticohypothalamic fibers

A. Hypothalamic nuclei
B.
 Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
  5. A
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5
Q

Many neurophysiologists regard the hypothalamus as the main output pathway of the ___

A

limbic system

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6
Q

Determine the corresponding functions of the hypothalamic nuclei

  1. Synthesizes vasopressin
  2. Synthesizes oxytocin and corticotropin-releasing hormone
  3. Controls parasympathetic system
  4. Controls sympathetic system
  5. Controls circadian rhythms

A. Preoptic and anterior nuclei
B.
 Posterior and lateral nuclei
C. Paraventricular nucleus
D. Supraoptic nucleus
E. Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  1. D
  2. C
  3. A
  4. B
  5. E
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7
Q

Determine the corresponding functions of the hypothalamic nuclei

  1. Regulate temperature (response to heat)
  2. Regulate temperature (response to cold)
  3. Inhibit eating and reduce food intake (satiety center)
  4. Initiate eating and increase food intake (hunger center); increases water intake (thirst center)

A. Medial hypothalamic nuclei
B.
 Lateral hypothalamic nuclei
C. Anterior hypothalamic nuclei
D. Posterior hypothalamic nuclei

A
  1. C
  2. D
  3. A
  4. B
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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: An acute lesion is more likely to produce signs and symptoms than a slowly growing tumor.

A

True

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9
Q

Severe obesity can occur as the result of hypothalamic lesions. It is generally associated with genital ___ or atrophy.

A

hypoplasia

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10
Q

In children, sexual retardation and, rarely, sexual ___ may result from hypothalamic lesions

A

precocity

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11
Q

Following lesions of the hypothalamus, the patient can manifest with hyperthermia that is otherwise normal and has no signs of ___, which occurs with pyrexia secondary to infections.

A

Malaise

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12
Q

Diabetes insipidus results from a lesion of the (1)___ or from the interruption of the nervous pathway to the (2)___ lobe of the hypophysis

A
  1. supraoptic nucleus
  2. posterior
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13
Q

Characteristically, a patient with diabetes insipidus passes large volumes of (1)___ of low specific gravity. This condition must be distinguished from diabetes mellitus, in which there is (2)___.

A
  1. urine
  2. glucosuria
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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Obesity is less common than wasting in hypothalamic disease.

A

False

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Obesity, wasting, hyper- and hypothermia, sleep disturbances, diabetes insipidus, and emotional disorders can all follow lesions of the hypothalamus.

A

True

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16
Q

Stimulation of the ___ may cause the symptoms and signs of rage, whereas lesions of these areas may lead to passivity

A

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

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17
Q

Stimulation of the ___ may cause passivity, whereas lesions of this nucleus may lead to rage

A

ventromedial nucleus

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18
Q

Bilateral destruction of this structure results in anorexia, with the consequent loss in body weight

A

Lateral region of hypothalamus / Hunger center

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19
Q

Bilateral destruction of this structure produces an uncontrolled voracious appetite, causing extreme obesity.

A

Medial region of hypothalamus / Satiety center

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20
Q

This hormone is produced mainly in the nerve cells of the supraoptic nucleus and its function is to cause vasoconstriction. It also has an important antidiuretic function, causing an increased absorption / reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules of kidneys.

A

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone)

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21
Q

The ___ of the hypothalamus exerts a careful control on the osmolarity of the blood through the secretion of vasopressin by the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.

A

supraoptic nucleus

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22
Q

It controls those mechanisms that dissipate heat loss. Stimulation of this area of the hypothalamus causes dilation of skin blood vessels and sweating, which lower the body temperature.

A

Anterior region of hypothalamus

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23
Q

Stimulation of this area of the hypothalamus results in vasoconstriction of the skin blood vessels and inhibition of sweating. Shivering could also occur, in which the skeletal muscles produce heat.

A

Posterior region of hypothalamus

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24
Q

Normally, the hypothalamus sets the body temperature at what temperature range when measured orally and 1º higher when measured rectally?

A

98.0-98.6ºF

Note: The temperature set can be altered in response to extremes, such as environmental temperatures or in infection

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25
Q

The nerve cells of the hypothalamic nuclei, by producing the releasing factors or release-inhibiting factors control the hormone production of the ___ lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland).

A

anterior

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26
Q

This anterior lobe hormone acts through an endocrine organ, which in turn produces additional hormones that influence the activities of general body tissues.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Each stage of endocrine control is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

A

True

28
Q

Severe cachexia is suggestive of damage to the ___.

A

hypophysis / pituitary gland

29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The hypothalamus may be the site of inflammation, neoplasm, or vascular disorders.

A

True

30
Q

The hypothalamus is well placed, located in the center of the ___

A

limbic system

31
Q

This structure is involved in episodic memory and reflex memory involved with smell

A

Mammillary bodies

Source: NinjaNerd

32
Q

Determine the corresponding origins of the main efferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus

  1. Descending fibers in reticular formation to brainstem and spinal cord
  2. Mammillothalamic tract
  3. Mammillotegmental tract
  4. Multiple pathways

A. Nuclei of mammillary body
B.
 Hypothalamic nuclei
C. Preoptic, anterior, posterior, and lateral nuclei of hypothalamus

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
33
Q

Determine the corresponding destinations of the main efferent nervous connections of the hypothalamus

  1. Descending fibers in reticular formation to brainstem and spinal cord
  2. Mammillothalamic tract
  3. Mammillotegmental tract
  4. Multiple pathways

A. Reticular formation in tegmentum of midbrain
B.
 Limbic system
C. Craniosacral parasympathetic (S2-4) and thoracolumbar sympathetic (T1-L2) outflows
D. Anterior nucleus of thalamus; relayed to cingulate gyrus

A
  1. C
  2. D
  3. A
  4. B
34
Q

Determine the corresponding presumed nuclear origins of the hypophysis releasing & inhibiting hormones in the hypothalamus

  1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  2. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  3. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  4. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  5. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)

A. Paraventricular nuclei
B. Infundibular or arcuate nucleus

C. Preoptic and anterior nuclei
D. Paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei and adjacent areas
E. Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  1. B
  2. E
  3. A
  4. D
  5. C
35
Q

Divides the hypothalamic nuclei into medial and lateral zones

A

Imaginary parasagittal plane

36
Q

Which 3 hypothalamic nuclei overlap both medial and lateral zones?

A
  1. Preoptic nucleus
  2. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  3. Mammillary nuclei
37
Q

Hypothalamus receives information from the rest of the body through what 3 structures?

A
  1. Nervous connections
  2. The bloodstream
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
38
Q

Serves as a conduit between the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and distant sites of the brain

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

39
Q

Determine the corresponding zone where each hypothalamic nuclei is found/recognized

  1. Tuberomammillary nucleus
  2. Paraventricular nucleus
  3. Lateral nucleus
  4. Dorsomedial nucleus
  5. Infundibular (arcuate) nucleus

A. Medial Zone
B. Lateral Zone

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. A
40
Q

Determine the corresponding zone where each hypothalamic nuclei is found/recognized

  1. Lateral tuberal nuclei
  2. Ventromedial nucleus
  3. Anterior nucleus
  4. Supraoptic nucleus
  5. Posterior nucleus

A. Medial Zone
B. Lateral Zone

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
41
Q

The ___, which receives afferent fibers from the retina, plays an important role in controlling the biologic rhythms.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

42
Q

In the control of circadian rhythms, nerve impulses generated in response to variations of ___ are transmitted via the suprachiasmatic nucleus to influence the activities of many hypothalamic nuclei.

A

intensity of light

43
Q

This hormone stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus and causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli and ducts of the breast. Toward the end of pregnancy, it is produced in large amounts and stimulates labor contractions of the uterus.

A

Oxytocin

Additional: When the body suckles at the breast, a nervous reflex from the nipple stimulates the hypothalamus to produce more of the hormone which promotes the contraction of myoepithelial cells and assists in the expression of the milk from the breasts.

44
Q

In the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, the hormones vasopressin and oxytocin are passed along the axons together with carrier proteins called (1)___ and are released at the axon terminals. Then, the hormones are absorbed into the bloodstream in fenestrated capillaries of the (2)___ lobe of the hypophysis.

A
  1. Neurophysins
  2. Posterior
45
Q

The supraoptic nucleus acts as an (1)___, where should the osmotic pressure of the blood circulating through the nucleus be too (2)___, the nerve cells increase their production of vasopressin, and the antidiuretic effect of this hormone will increase the reabsorption of water from the kidney. By this means, the osmotic pressure of the blood will return to normal limits.

A
  1. osmoreceptor
  2. high
46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The hypothalamus is the integrator of afferent information received from other areas of the nervous system and brings about the physical expression of emotion.

A

True

47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The hypothalamus can produce a massive peristaltic activity of the gastrointestinal tract

A

True

48
Q

Emotion and behavior are a function of what 3 structures or systems?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Limbic system
  3. Prefrontal cortex
49
Q

It has a controlling influence on the autonomic nervous system and appears to integrate the autonomic and neuroendocrine systems, thus preserving body homeostasis. Majority of this structure is a center of the ANS.

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

The posterior pituitary is also known as

A

Neurohypophysis

51
Q

The anterior pituitary is also known as

A

Adenohypophysis

52
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland) by two pathways:
- Nerve fibers that travel from the (1-2)___ to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis
- Long and short portal blood vessels that connect sinusoids in the (3-4)___ with capillary plexuses in the anterior lobe of hypophysis

A

1-2. supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
3-4. median eminence and infundibulum

53
Q

When there is a lack of ___, patients can become very tall or develop gigantism

A

growth hormone-inhibitory hormone / somatostatin

54
Q

Neurosecretory cells situated mainly in the ___ zone of the hypothalamus are responsible for the production of the releasing hormones and release-inhibitory hormones

A

medial

55
Q

It lies below the thalamus and forms the floor and the inferior part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle.

A

Hypothalamus

56
Q

Anterior to the hypothalamus is an area that, for functional reasons, is often included in the hypothalamus. Because it extends forward from the optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and anterior commissure, it is referred to as the ___

A

preoptic area

57
Q

Caudally, the hypothalamus merges into the ___ of the midbrain.

A

Tegmentum

58
Q

Lateral boundary of the hypothalamus is formed by the ___

A

Internal capsule

59
Q

Amygdalohypothalamic fibers pass from the amygdaloid complex to the hypothalamus through the (1)___ and by a route that passes inferior to the (2)___

A
  1. stria terminalis
  2. lentiform nucleus
60
Q

Refers to relation between the anterior lobe of pituitary or adenohypophysis and hypothalamus. It is formed on each side from the superior hypophyseal artery.

A

Hypophyseal portal system

61
Q

Stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone in the ovaries and the mammary gland to produce milk.

A

Luteotrophic hormone (lactogenic hormone, prolactin)

62
Q

The hormones in the hypophyseal portal system are packaged into granules and are transported along the axons of these cells into the (1)___ and infundibulum. Here, the granules are released by (2)___ into fenestrated capillaries at the upper end of the hypophyseal portal system.

A
  1. median eminence
  2. exocytosis
63
Q

Determine the corresponding effects / functional results of the following hormones

  1. Somatostatin / Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  2. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), Dopamine
  3. Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A. Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
B.
 Reduces lactogenesis
C. Stimulates lactogenesis
D. Reduces linear growth in epiphyseal cartilages

A
  1. D
  2. B
  3. C
  4. A
64
Q

Determine the corresponding effects / functional results of the following hormones

  1. Growth hormone (GH)
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) & follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A. Stimulates adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids and sex hormones
B.
 Stimulates the linear growth in epiphyseal cartilages
C. Stimulates ovarian follicles and production of estrogen and progesterone

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A

(2) Neuroscience (12 decks)

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