S3_L1: Basal Ganglia

Question 1

TRUE OR FALSE: The basal ganglia play an important role in the control of posture & voluntary movement

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Form of involuntary movement confined to one side of the body and symptoms appear on the contralateral side. The lesion occurs in the opposite subthalamic nucleus and the condition usually involves the proximal extremity musculature, and the limb suddenly flies about out of control in all directions (violent flinging, ballistic).

Answer 2

Hemiballismus

Question 3

Continuous stream of slow, flowing, writhing involuntary movements. Caused by degeneration of the globus pallidus with a breakdown of the circuitry involving the basal nuclei and the cerebral cortex.

Answer 3

Athetosis

Question 4

Involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular movements that are nonrepetitive. Some examples are swift grimaces and sudden movements of the head or limbs.

Answer 4

Chorea

Question 5

(1)___ disorders are those in which there are excessive and abnormal movements, whereas (2)___ disorders include those in which there is a lack or slowness of movement.

Answer 5

1. hyperkinetic
2. hypokinetic

Question 6

TRUE OR FALSE: Parkinson’s disease includes both hyperkinetic & hypokinetic motor disturbances.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Efferent fibers passing from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the globus pallidus

Answer 7

Striatopallidal fibers

Question 8

Efferent fibers passing from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the substantia nigra

Answer 8

Striatonigral fibers

Question 9

Ascending fibers from the brainstem that end in the caudate nucleus and putamen

Answer 9

Brainstem striatal fibers

Question 10

Afferent fibers from the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus that send large numbers of axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

Answer 10

Thalamostriate fibers

Question 11

Afferent fibers from all parts of the cerebral cortex that send axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

Answer 11

Corticostriate fibers

Question 12

The largest input of the corticostriate fibers is from the __

Answer 12

Sensory-motor cortex

Question 13

Afferent fibers from neurons in the pars compacta of substantia nigra of the midbrain that send axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

Answer 13

Nigrostriate fibers

Question 14

These afferent fibers modulate direct and indirect pathways, and are known to degenerate in Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 14

Nigrostriate fibers

Question 15

Situated in the temporal lobe close to the uncus and is neuroanatomically part of basal ganglia but functionally part of limbic system. It can influence the body’s response to environmental changes.

Answer 15

Amygdaloid nucleus

Question 16

A large c-shaped mass of gray matter that is closely related to the lateral ventricle and lies lateral to the thalamus

Answer 16

Caudate nucleus

Question 17

Wedge-shaped mass of gray matter whose broad convex base is directed laterally and whose blade is directed medially

Answer 17

Lentiform nucleus

Question 18

Primary output nuclei of the basal nuclei

Answer 18

Globus pallidus

Question 19

Neurons of the subthalamic nuclei are ___ and have many connections to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Answer 19

glutaminergic

Question 20

Neurons of the substantia nigra are ___ and have many connections to the corpus striatum

Answer 20

dopaminergic

Question 21

Known as the “wall of the brain”. It is a thin sheet of gray matter that is separated from the lateral surface of the lentiform nucleus by the external capsule

Answer 21

Claustrum

Question 22

Lateral to the claustrum is the ____

Answer 22

subcortical white matter of the insula

Question 23

Most commonly affected in stroke patients with internal capsule and thalamus areas

Answer 23

Claustrum

Question 24

What 2 structures form the main sites for receiving input to the basal nuclei?

Answer 24

1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen

Question 25

Determine the corresponding terminologies to describe the basal nuclei 1. Caudate nucleus & putamen 2. Globus pallidus & putamen 3. Caudate nucleus & lentiform nucleus A. Lentiform nucleus B. 
Corpus striatum C. Neostriatum / striatum

Answer 25

1. C 2. A 3. B

Question 26

Determine the corresponding neurotransmitters of the afferent fibers related with the basal ganglia 1. Serotonin 2. Dopamine 3. Glutamate A. Corticostriate fibers B. Nigrostriate fibers 
C. Brainstem striatal fibers

Answer 26

1. C 2. B 3. A

Question 27

Neurotransmitter/s of the striatopallidal fibers

Answer 27

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Question 28

Neurotransmitter/s of the striatonigral fibers

Answer 28

Gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, substance P

Question 29

Determine the corresponding functions of these neurotransmitters 1. Serotonin 2. Dopamine 3. Glutamate 4. Acetylcholine 5. Substance P 6. GABA A. Inhibitory B. Excitatory

Answer 29

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A

Question 30

It separates the lentiform nucleus from caudate nucleus and the thalamus. The lentiform nucleus is related medially to this structure.

Answer 30

Internal capsule

Question 31

Separates the lentiform nucleus from the claustrum

Answer 31

External capsule

Question 32

The lentiform nucleus is composed of a larger, darker lateral portion which is the (1)___, and an inner lighter portion, the (2)___.

Answer 32

1. putamen 2. globus pallidus

Question 33

Lateral to the lentiform nucleus is a thin sheet of white matter, the (1)___. Lateral to external capsule is a thin sheet of gray matter, the (2)___.

Answer 33

1. external capsule 2. claustrum

Question 34

Enumerate the 4 groups/divisions of the pallidofugal fibers

Answer 34

1. Ansa lenticularis 2. Fasciculus lenticularis 3. Pallidotegmental fibers 4. Pallidosubthalamic fibers

Question 35

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the groups of the pallidofugal fibers 1. pass to the subthalamic nuclei 2. pass to the thalamic nuclei 3. terminate in the caudal tegmentum of the midbrain 4. pass to the subthalamus A. Ansa lenticularis B. Fasciculus lenticularis 
C. Pallidotegmental fibers D. Pallidosubthalamic fibers

Answer 35

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B

Question 36

Basal nuclei is applied to a collection of masses of ___ matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere. The basal nuclei have no direct input or output connections with the spinal cord.

Answer 36

gray

Question 37

Enumerate the 5 basal nuclei

Answer 37

1. Amygdaloid nucleus 2. Caudate nucleus 3. Claustrum 4. Globus pallidus 5. Putamen

Question 38

TRUE OR FALSE: The substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei, and red nucleus are not part of the neuroanatomical structure of the basal ganglia, but are functionally closely related to it.

Answer 38

True Source: Snell

Question 39

This structure lies between the internal capsule and thalamus and between the internal capsule and lenticular fasciculus. It receives input from the globus pallidus and motor cortex and projects fibers to the globus pallidus.

Answer 39

Subthalamic nucleus Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

Question 40

This structure receives input from the striatum and projects to the striatum and from the pars reticularis to the ventral anterior, ventrolateral, and mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus.

Answer 40

Substantia nigra Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

Question 41

Component of the substantia nigra that contains dopaminergic neurons, which contain the pigment melanin.

Answer 41

Pars compacta Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

Question 42

Component of the substantia nigra that contains gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons and functions as another basal nuclei output.

Answer 42

Pars reticularis Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

Question 43

TRUE OR FALSE: The function of the claustrum is unknown, but it acts as a conductor for input coming from cortical regions and make respective areas become synchronized. It also has an inhibitory control over the cortex and can integrate information from limbic and sensory to direct and sustain attention towards behavior & wakefulness.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

It is situated lateral to the thalamus and is almost completely divided by a band of nerve fibers, the internal capsule, into the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus.

Answer 44

Corpus striatum

Question 45

Part of the caudate nucleus that is long and slender and is continuous with the body in the region of the posterior end of the thalamus. It continues forward in the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and terminates anteriorly in the amygdaloid nucleus.

Answer 45

Tail

Question 46

Part of the caudate nucleus that is long and narrow and is continuous with the head in the region of the interventricular foramen. It forms part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle.

Answer 46

Body

Question 47

Part of the caudate nucleus that is large and rounded and forms the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. It is continuous inferiorly with the putamen of the lentiform nucleus.

Answer 47

Head

Question 48

Enumerate the two major nuclei from which the globus pallidus receives input

Answer 48

1. subthalamic nucleus 2. striatum

Question 49

Enumerate the three major nuclei from which the globus pallidus projects fibers to

Answer 49

1. subthalamic nucleus 2. thalamus 3. pedunculopontine nuclei

Question 50

The (1)__ segment of the globus pallidus is adjacent to internal capsule, while the (2)__ segment is adjacent to the putamen.

Answer 50

1. internal 2. external

Question 51

The pedunculopontine nuclei receives (1)__ input from globus pallidus and projects (2)__ fibers to globus pallidus and to substantia nigra.

Answer 51

1. GABA-ergic 2. glutaminergic

Question 52

Most common chorea that is a disease of childhood in which there are rapid, irregular, involuntary movements of the limbs, face, and trunk. It occurs mainly in girls as a sequela to rheumatic fever.

Answer 52

Sydenham chorea / St. Vitus’ dance Additional: The host’s antibodies not only combine with bacterial antigens (streptococcal bacteria) but also attack the membranes of the neurons of the basal ganglia

Question 53

TRUE OR FALSE: Destruction of the primary motor cerebral cortex prevents the individual from performing fine discrete movements of the hands and feet on the opposite side of the body. However, the individual is still capable of performing gross crude movements of the opposite limbs. If destruction of the corpus striatum then takes place, paralysis in the remaining movements of the opposite side of the body occurs.

Answer 53

True

Question 54

TRUE OR FALSE: Basal nuclei not only influence the execution of a particular movement in the limbs but also help prepare for the movements. Activity in certain neurons of the globus pallidus increases before active movements take place in the distal limb muscles.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

TRUE OR FALSE: In parkinson's disease, neither loss of muscle power nor loss of sensibility occurs. Since the corticospinal tracts are normal, the superficial abdominal reflexes are normal, and no Babinski response is seen. The deep tendon reflexes are also normal.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Drug-Induced Parkinsonism is caused by ingesting drugs that block ___ which are often given for psychotic behaviors (e.g. phenothiazines and butyrophenones).

Answer 56

striatal dopamine receptors (D2)

Question 57

An autosomal dominant inherited disease, with the onset occurring most often in adult life and does not appear in childhood. Death occurs 15-20 years after onset

Answer 57

Huntington disease

Question 58

Huntington disease has been traced to a single gene defect on (1)___ which encodes a protein, huntingtin, the function of which is not known. In the disease, codon (CAG) that encodes (2)___ is repeated many more times than normal.

Answer 58

1. chromosome 4 2. glutamine

Question 59

TRUE OR FALSE: In huntington disease, there is degeneration of GABA-secreting, substance P-secreting, and acetylcholine-secreting neurons of the striatonigral-inhibiting pathway. This results in the dopa-secreting neurons of the substantia nigra becoming overactive. Thus, the nigrostriatal pathway inhibits the caudate nucleus and the putamen.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

TRUE OR FALSE: Hemiballismus may be treated with dopamine-blocking drugs or with GABA-mimetic agents

Answer 60

True

Question 61

In rigidity following parkinson's disease, if the resting tremor is absent, the rigidity is felt as resistance to passive movement and is sometimes referred to as (1)___. If the tremor is present, the muscle resistance is overcome as a series of jerks, called (2)___.

Answer 61

1. plastic rigidity 2. cogwheel rigidity

Question 62

Receptor for the indirect dopamine pathway

Answer 62

D2 (inhibitory)

Question 63

Receptor for the direct dopamine pathway

Answer 63

D1 (excitatory)

Question 64

TRUE OR FALSE: In parkinson's disease, reduction in the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine within the corpus striatum leads to hyposensitivity of the dopamine receptors in the postsynaptic neurons in the striatum.

Answer 64

False. Should be hypersensitivity

Question 65

TRUE OR FALSE: The direct pathway increases motor activity of wanted motor movements, while the indirect pathway inhibits unwanted motor movements.

Answer 65

True