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(2) Neuroscience > S3_L1: Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

S3_L1: Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The basal ganglia play an important role in the control of posture & voluntary movement

A

True

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2
Q

Form of involuntary movement confined to one side of the body and symptoms appear on the contralateral side. The lesion occurs in the opposite subthalamic nucleus and the condition usually involves the proximal extremity musculature, and the limb suddenly flies about out of control in all directions (violent flinging, ballistic).

A

Hemiballismus

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3
Q

Continuous stream of slow, flowing, writhing involuntary movements. Caused by degeneration of the globus pallidus with a breakdown of the circuitry involving the basal nuclei and the cerebral cortex.

A

Athetosis

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4
Q

Involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular movements that are nonrepetitive. Some examples are swift grimaces and sudden movements of the head or limbs.

A

Chorea

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5
Q

(1)___ disorders are those in which there are excessive and abnormal movements, whereas (2)___ disorders include those in which there is a lack or slowness of movement.

A
  1. hyperkinetic
  2. hypokinetic
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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Parkinson’s disease includes both hyperkinetic & hypokinetic motor disturbances.

A

True

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7
Q

Efferent fibers passing from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the globus pallidus

A

Striatopallidal fibers

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8
Q

Efferent fibers passing from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the substantia nigra

A

Striatonigral fibers

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9
Q

Ascending fibers from the brainstem that end in the caudate nucleus and putamen

A

Brainstem striatal fibers

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10
Q

Afferent fibers from the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus that send large numbers of axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

A

Thalamostriate fibers

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11
Q

Afferent fibers from all parts of the cerebral cortex that send axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

A

Corticostriate fibers

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12
Q

The largest input of the corticostriate fibers is from the __

A

Sensory-motor cortex

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13
Q

Afferent fibers from neurons in the pars compacta of substantia nigra of the midbrain that send axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

A

Nigrostriate fibers

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14
Q

These afferent fibers modulate direct and indirect pathways, and are known to degenerate in Parkinson’s disease.

A

Nigrostriate fibers

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15
Q

Situated in the temporal lobe close to the uncus and is neuroanatomically part of basal ganglia but functionally part of limbic system. It can influence the body’s response to environmental changes.

A

Amygdaloid nucleus

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16
Q

A large c-shaped mass of gray matter that is closely related to the lateral ventricle and lies lateral to the thalamus

A

Caudate nucleus

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17
Q

Wedge-shaped mass of gray matter whose broad convex base is directed laterally and whose blade is directed medially

A

Lentiform nucleus

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18
Q

Primary output nuclei of the basal nuclei

A

Globus pallidus

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19
Q

Neurons of the subthalamic nuclei are ___ and have many connections to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra

A

glutaminergic

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20
Q

Neurons of the substantia nigra are ___ and have many connections to the corpus striatum

A

dopaminergic

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21
Q

Known as the “wall of the brain”. It is a thin sheet of gray matter that is separated from the lateral surface of the lentiform nucleus by the external capsule

A

Claustrum

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22
Q

Lateral to the claustrum is the ____

A

subcortical white matter of the insula

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23
Q

Most commonly affected in stroke patients with internal capsule and thalamus areas

A

Claustrum

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24
Q

What 2 structures form the main sites for receiving input to the basal nuclei?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
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25
Q

Determine the corresponding terminologies to describe the basal nuclei

  1. Caudate nucleus & putamen
  2. Globus pallidus & putamen
  3. Caudate nucleus & lentiform nucleus

A. Lentiform nucleus
B. 
Corpus striatum
C. Neostriatum / striatum

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
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26
Q

Determine the corresponding neurotransmitters of the afferent fibers related with the basal ganglia

  1. Serotonin
  2. Dopamine
  3. Glutamate

A. Corticostriate fibers
B. Nigrostriate fibers

C. Brainstem striatal fibers

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. A
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27
Q

Neurotransmitter/s of the striatopallidal fibers

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

28
Q

Neurotransmitter/s of the striatonigral fibers

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, substance P

29
Q

Determine the corresponding functions of these neurotransmitters

  1. Serotonin
  2. Dopamine
  3. Glutamate
  4. Acetylcholine
  5. Substance P
  6. GABA

A. Inhibitory
B. Excitatory

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
  6. A
30
Q

It separates the lentiform nucleus from caudate nucleus and the thalamus. The lentiform nucleus is related medially to this structure.

A

Internal capsule

31
Q

Separates the lentiform nucleus from the claustrum

A

External capsule

32
Q

The lentiform nucleus is composed of a larger, darker lateral portion which is the (1)___, and an inner lighter portion, the (2)___.

A
  1. putamen
  2. globus pallidus
33
Q

Lateral to the lentiform nucleus is a thin sheet of white matter, the (1)___. Lateral to external capsule is a thin sheet of gray matter, the (2)___.

A
  1. external capsule
  2. claustrum
34
Q

Enumerate the 4 groups/divisions of the pallidofugal fibers

A
  1. Ansa lenticularis
  2. Fasciculus lenticularis
  3. Pallidotegmental fibers
  4. Pallidosubthalamic fibers
35
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the groups of the pallidofugal fibers

  1. pass to the subthalamic nuclei
  2. pass to the thalamic nuclei
  3. terminate in the caudal tegmentum of the midbrain
  4. pass to the subthalamus

A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus lenticularis

C. Pallidotegmental fibers
D. Pallidosubthalamic fibers

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. C
  4. B
36
Q

Basal nuclei is applied to a collection of masses of ___ matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere. The basal nuclei have no direct input or output connections with the spinal cord.

A

gray

37
Q

Enumerate the 5 basal nuclei

A
  1. Amygdaloid nucleus
  2. Caudate nucleus
  3. Claustrum
  4. Globus pallidus
  5. Putamen
38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei, and red nucleus are not part of the neuroanatomical structure of the basal ganglia, but are functionally closely related to it.

A

True

Source: Snell

39
Q

This structure lies between the internal capsule and thalamus and between the internal capsule and lenticular fasciculus. It receives input from the globus pallidus and motor cortex and projects fibers to the globus pallidus.

A

Subthalamic nucleus

Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

40
Q

This structure receives input from the striatum and projects to the striatum and from the pars reticularis to the ventral anterior, ventrolateral, and mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus.

A

Substantia nigra

Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

41
Q

Component of the substantia nigra that contains dopaminergic neurons, which contain the pigment melanin.

A

Pars compacta

Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

42
Q

Component of the substantia nigra that contains gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons and functions as another basal nuclei output.

A

Pars reticularis

Source: BRS Neuroanatomy

43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The function of the claustrum is unknown, but it acts as a conductor for input coming from cortical regions and make respective areas become synchronized. It also has an inhibitory control over the cortex and can integrate information from limbic and sensory to direct and sustain attention towards behavior & wakefulness.

A

True

44
Q

It is situated lateral to the thalamus and is almost completely divided by a band of nerve fibers, the internal capsule, into the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus.

A

Corpus striatum

45
Q

Part of the caudate nucleus that is long and slender and is continuous with the body in the region of the posterior end of the thalamus. It continues forward in the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and terminates anteriorly in the amygdaloid nucleus.

A

Tail

46
Q

Part of the caudate nucleus that is long and narrow and is continuous with the head in the region of the interventricular foramen. It forms part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle.

A

Body

47
Q

Part of the caudate nucleus that is large and rounded and forms the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. It is continuous inferiorly with the putamen of the lentiform nucleus.

A

Head

48
Q

Enumerate the two major nuclei from which the globus pallidus receives input

A
  1. subthalamic nucleus
  2. striatum
49
Q

Enumerate the three major nuclei from which the globus pallidus projects fibers to

A
  1. subthalamic nucleus
  2. thalamus
  3. pedunculopontine nuclei
50
Q

The (1)__ segment of the globus pallidus is adjacent to internal capsule, while the (2)__ segment is adjacent to the putamen.

A
  1. internal
  2. external
51
Q

The pedunculopontine nuclei receives (1)__ input from globus pallidus and projects (2)__ fibers to globus pallidus and to substantia nigra.

A
  1. GABA-ergic
  2. glutaminergic
52
Q

Most common chorea that is a disease of childhood in which there are rapid, irregular, involuntary movements of the limbs, face, and trunk. It occurs mainly in girls as a sequela to rheumatic fever.

A

Sydenham chorea / St. Vitus’ dance

Additional: The host’s antibodies not only combine with bacterial antigens (streptococcal bacteria) but also attack the membranes of the neurons of the basal ganglia

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Destruction of the primary motor cerebral cortex prevents the individual from performing fine discrete movements of the hands and feet on the opposite side of the body. However, the individual is still capable of performing gross crude movements of the opposite limbs. If destruction of the corpus striatum then takes place, paralysis in the remaining movements of the opposite side of the body occurs.

A

True

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Basal nuclei not only influence the execution of a particular movement in the limbs but also help prepare for the movements. Activity in certain neurons of the globus pallidus increases before active movements take place in the distal limb muscles.

A

True

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In parkinson’s disease, neither loss of muscle power nor loss of sensibility occurs. Since the corticospinal tracts are normal, the superficial abdominal reflexes are normal, and no Babinski response is seen. The deep tendon reflexes are also normal.

A

True

56
Q

Drug-Induced Parkinsonism is caused by ingesting drugs that block ___ which are often given for psychotic behaviors (e.g. phenothiazines and butyrophenones).

A

striatal dopamine receptors (D2)

57
Q

An autosomal dominant inherited disease, with the onset occurring most often in adult life and does not appear in childhood. Death occurs 15-20 years after onset

A

Huntington disease

58
Q

Huntington disease has been traced to a single gene defect on (1)___ which encodes a protein, huntingtin, the function of which is not known. In the disease, codon (CAG) that encodes (2)___ is repeated many more times than normal.

A
  1. chromosome 4
  2. glutamine
59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In huntington disease, there is degeneration of GABA-secreting, substance P-secreting, and acetylcholine-secreting neurons of the striatonigral-inhibiting pathway. This results in the dopa-secreting neurons of the substantia nigra becoming overactive. Thus, the nigrostriatal pathway inhibits the caudate nucleus and the putamen.

A

True

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Hemiballismus may be treated with dopamine-blocking drugs or with GABA-mimetic agents

A

True

61
Q

In rigidity following parkinson’s disease, if the resting tremor is absent, the rigidity is felt as resistance to passive movement and is sometimes referred to as (1)___. If the tremor is present, the muscle resistance is overcome as a series of jerks, called (2)___.

A
  1. plastic rigidity
  2. cogwheel rigidity
62
Q

Receptor for the indirect dopamine pathway

A

D2 (inhibitory)

63
Q

Receptor for the direct dopamine pathway

A

D1 (excitatory)

64
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In parkinson’s disease, reduction in the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine within the corpus striatum leads to hyposensitivity of the dopamine receptors in the postsynaptic neurons in the striatum.

A

False. Should be hypersensitivity

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The direct pathway increases motor activity of wanted motor movements, while the indirect pathway inhibits unwanted motor movements.

A

True

(2) Neuroscience (12 decks)

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