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(2) Neuroscience > S2_L4: Cerebrum > Flashcards

S2_L4: Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

The largest part of the brain, situated in the anterior and middle cranial fossae of the skull. It occupies the whole concavity of the vault of the skull.

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

What is the deep midline sagittal fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres into two and contains the sickle-shaped fold of dura mater, the falx cerebri, and the anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

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3
Q

What is known as the great commissure that connects the cerebral hemispheres across the midline?

A

Corpus callosum

Additional: When corpus callosum incompletely develops, the connectivity of the brain from left and right is very slow & abnormal. It takes time before the person can answer and process (delay in communication)

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4
Q

A lesion to this structure results in sudden, forceful involuntary movements in a contralateral extremity. These movements may be jerky (choreiform) or violent (ballistic).

A

Subthalamus

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5
Q

A small, conical structure that is attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon. It projects backward so that it lies posterior to the midbrain.

A

Pineal gland / pineal body

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6
Q

What are the four major parts that constitute the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Subthalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The pineal gland possesses a blood brain barrier.

A

False

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8
Q

These are two small hemispherical bodies situated side by side posterior to the tuber cinereum. They possess a central core of gray matter invested by a capsule of myelinated nerve fibers.

A

Mammillary bodies

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9
Q

It is a second horizontal fold of dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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10
Q

Each lateral ventricle contains about _ to _ ml of cerebrospinal fluid.

A

7 to 10 ml

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11
Q

The cerebrum is divided into two parts. Enumerate both

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When the corpus callosum fails to develop, no definite signs or symptoms appear

A

True

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13
Q

Where is the calcarine sulcus located on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Found on the medial surface

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14
Q

The parieto-occipital sulcus passes downward and anteriorly on the medial surface of the hemisphere to meet the ____.

A

Calcarine sulcus

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15
Q

The calcarine sulcus is joined at a/an ___ angle by the parieto-occipital sulcus about halfway along its length.

A

Acute

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16
Q

The insula is an area of the cortex that lies at the ___ of the deep lateral sulcus.

A

Bottom

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17
Q

A deep cleft found mainly on the inferior and lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere. It consists of a short stem that divides into three rami, namely: anterior horizontal ramus, anterior ascending ramus, and posterior ramus.

A

Lateral sulcus

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18
Q

The insula is responsible for what 3 sensations?

A
  1. Taste sensations (Gestation)
  2. Visceral sensations
  3. Vestibular sensations
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19
Q

It lies inferior to the thalamus and is situated between the thalamus and tegmentum of the midbrain

A

Subthalamus

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20
Q

A small group of neurons situated just medial to the posterior surface of the thalamus

A

Habenular nucleus

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21
Q

The superior part of the base of the pineal stalk contains the (1)___ commissure, while the inferior part of the base of the pineal stalk contains the (2)___ commissure.

A
  1. Habenular
  2. Posterior
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22
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the pineal gland?

A
  1. Pinealocytes
  2. Glial cells
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23
Q

What is the term for the concretions of calcified material that progressively accumulate within the pineal gland with age?

A

Brain sand

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24
Q

The pineal gland possess no nerve cells, but ___ fibers derived from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia enter the gland and run in association with the blood vessels and pinealocytes.

A

Adrenergic sympathetic

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25
Q

It is part of the diencephalon that extends from the region of the optic chiasma to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies

A

Hypothalamus

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26
Q

The hypothalamus controls and integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine systems and plays a vital role in ____

A

Maintaining homeostasis

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27
Q

When observed from below, the hypothalamus is seen to be related to these 3 structures (from anterior to posterior order)

A
  1. Optic chiasma
  2. Tuber cinereum and Infundibulum
  3. Mammillary bodies
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27
Q

The third ventricle communicates anteriorly with the lateral ventricles through the ___

A

Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)

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28
Q

The third ventricle communicates posteriorly with the fourth ventricle through the ___

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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29
Q

The surface of each cerebral hemisphere is thrown into folds or (1)___, which are separated from each other by (2)___ or fissures.

A
  1. Gyri
  2. Sulci
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30
Q

What is the sulcus that is posterior to the gyrus that contains the motor cells that initiate the movements of the opposite side of the body (precentral gyrus)?

A

Central sulcus

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31
Q

What lies posterior to the central sulcus that is known to receive sensory information from the opposite side of the body?

A

General sensory cortex / Postcentral gyrus

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32
Q

The thalamus receives information from all the senses except ____ and routes this information to the higher brain regions that deal with these sensory information.

A

Smell

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33
Q

A large ovoid mass of gray matter that is the brain’s sensory control center and serves as a cell station to all the main sensory systems (except the olfactory pathway)

A

Thalamus

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34
Q

The subthalamic nucleus has the shape of a ___ lens and has important connections with the corpus striatum

A

Biconvex

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35
Q

A degenerative disease of the brain occurring in middle to late life. Common signs of this disease are: Early memory loss, a disintegration of personality, complete disorientation, deterioration in speech, and restlessness.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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36
Q

Drug group for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and act by increasing the presence of acetylcholine at the sites of the disease where there is an Ach deficiency.

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

37
Q

A convex mass of gray matter that is continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum

A

Tuber cinereum

38
Q

What 3 structures form the neurohypophysis?

A
  1. Median eminence
  2. Infundibulum
  3. Posterior lobe (pars nervosa) of the hypophysis cerebri
39
Q

A raised part of the tuber cinereum to which is attached the infundibulum

A

Median eminence

40
Q

The pineal gland is an important endocrine gland capable of influencing the activities of what 5 structures?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
  3. Parathyroids
  4. Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
  5. Gonads (sex organs)
41
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is regarded as one of the extrapyramidal motor nuclei and has a large connection with the ___.

A

Globus pallidus

42
Q

It is largest where the body and posterior and inferior horns of the lateral ventricle join, where it may become calcified with age.

A

Choroid plexus

43
Q

CSF is produced in the choroid plexus of the ___ and normally drains into the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

A

Lateral ventricle

44
Q

Widespread degeneration of the cerebral cortex gives rise to symptoms of ___

A

dementia

45
Q

The cerebral cortex is composed of ___ matter

A

gray

46
Q

Focal lesions of the ___ will produce contralateral hemiparesis

A

precentral gyrus

47
Q

Lesions of the ___ will result in contralateral hemisensory loss

A

postcentral gyrus

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The pituitary and the hypothalamus constitute a closely integrated unit, and the hypothalamus plays a role in the release of pituitary hormones

A

True

49
Q

A slitlike cleft between the two thalami that has anterior, posterior, lateral, superior and inferior walls and is lined with ependyma.

A

Third ventricle

50
Q

What houses the pituitary gland?

A

Diaphragma sellae

51
Q

A flattened bundle of nerve fibers situated at the junction of anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle

A

Optic chiasma

52
Q

The anterolateral corners of the optic chiasma are continuous with the (1)___, and the posterolateral corners are continuous with the (2)___.

A
  1. optic nerves
  2. optic tracts
53
Q

The fibers originating from the ___ half of each retina cross the medial plane at the optic chiasma to enter the optic tract of the opposite side

A

Nasal

54
Q

Posterior to the mammillary bodies lies an area of the brain that is pierced by a number of small apertures and is called ___

A

Posterior perforated substance

Additional: These apertures transmit the central branches of the posterior cerebral arteries

55
Q

What exhibits a circadian rhythm that is influenced by light?

A

Pineal gland

56
Q

Melatonin and other substances are released into the blood or into the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle where they pass to the anterior lobe of the (1)___ and inhibit the release of (2)___ hormones

A
  1. pituitary gland
  2. gonadotropic
57
Q

Melatonin and the enzymes needed for its production are present within the ___

A

Pineal gland

58
Q

Pineal secretion is produced by pinealocytes. They reach their target organs via the bloodstream through the CSF, producing hormones. Their actions are mainly (1)___ and acts as a (2)___ that always tries to prevent excessess.

A
  1. inhibitory
  2. regulator
59
Q

Believed to be a center for integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways

A

Habenular nucleus

60
Q

A term for large white matter fiber tracts and it usually contains association fibers

A

Commissure

61
Q

Is hollow and becomes continuous with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri

A

Infundibulum

62
Q

In the past, the size and shape of the lateral ventricle were investigated clinically by pneumoencephalography. This procedure has now been replaced by two procedures, ___ and ___.

A

computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

63
Q

Tumors of the caudate or lentiform nuclei may cause severe motor or sensory symptoms on the ___ of the body

A

Opposite side

64
Q

Tumors pressing on the ___ of the posterior limb of the internal capsule will cause progressive spastic hemiplegia

A

Anterior two thirds

65
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers, which are afferent fibers to the habenular nucleus, forms a ridge along the superior margin of the medial surface of the diencephalon. This ridge is called the ___ and it limits the lateral wall of the third ventricle superiorly.

A

Stria medullaris thalami

66
Q

The internal capsule is flanked medially by the (1)___ and (2)___ and laterally by the (3)___.

A

1-2. Caudate nucleus, thalamus
3. Lentiform nucleus

67
Q

The internal capsule is frequently involved in vascular disorders of the brain. The most common cause of arterial hemorrhage is atheromatous degeneration in an artery in a patient with ___.

A

High blood pressure

Additional: A small hemorrhage can cause widespread effects on the contralateral side of the body

68
Q

The lateral surface of the diencephalon is bounded by the ___ of white matter and consists of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brainstem and spinal cord.

A

Internal capsule

69
Q

The only area of the diencephalon exposed to the surface in the intact brain.

A

Inferior surface

70
Q

The anterior end of the thalamus is narrow and rounded and forms the ___ boundary of the interventricular foramen

A

posterior

71
Q

The posterior end of the thalamus is expanded to form the ___, which overhangs the superior colliculus and superior brachium

A

pulvinar

72
Q

The lateral surface of the thalamus is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the very important band of white matter, the ___

A

internal capsule

73
Q

Some of the fibers of the stria medullaris thalami cross the midline and reach the habenular nucleus of the opposite side. These latter fibers form the ___.

A

habenular commissure

74
Q

The anterior wall of the third ventricle is formed by a thin sheet of gray matter, the (1)___. The posterior wall of the third ventricle is formed by the opening into the (2)___.

A
  1. lamina terminalis
  2. cerebral aqueduct
75
Q

The lateral wall of the third ventricle is formed by the medial surface of the thalamus superiorly and the hypothalamus inferiorly. These two structures are separated by the (1)___. The lateral walls are joined by the (2)___.

A
  1. hypothalamic sulcus
  2. interthalamic connection
76
Q

Thalamic lesions usually result from thrombosis or hemorrhage of one of the arteries that supply the thalamus. Disability resulting from a thalamic lesion would manifest where?

A

On the contralateral side of the body.

77
Q

The superior surface of the optic chiasma is attached to the lamina terminalis. Inferiorly, it is related to the hypophysis cerebri, from which it is separated by the ___.

A

diaphragma sellae

78
Q

The superior surface of the thalamus is covered medially by the (1)___ and the fornix, and laterally, it is covered by (2)___ and forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle

A
  1. tela choroidea
  2. ependyma
79
Q

The inferior surface of the thalamus is continuous with the ___ of the midbrain

A

tegmentum

80
Q

This cerebral commissure is essential for learned discrimination, sensory experience, and memory.

A

Corpus callosum

81
Q

Case: An elderly patient’s corpus callosum was destroyed by a disease. Upon examination and evaluation, a pencil was placed in the (R) hand and the patient was asked to close their eyes. The patient recognized the pencil by touch and was able to describe it. The pencil was then placed in the (L) hand, but the patient was unable to describe the pencil in their (L) hand. Why is this so?

A

Tactile information passed to the (R) postcentral gyrus, but the information will not be able to travel through the corpus callosum to the speech area in the (L) hemisphere.

82
Q

The superior surface of the diencephalon is concealed by the ___, which is a thick bundle of fibers that originates in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe and arches posteriorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body.

A

Fornix

83
Q

The actual superior wall of the diencephalon is formed by the ___ of the third ventricle which consists of a layer of ependyma

A

roof

84
Q

What is the band of gray matter connecting one thalamus to the other?

A

Interthalamic connection / Interthalamic adhesion / Massa intermedia

85
Q

A round bundle of nerve fibers that are situated anterior to the anterior columns of the fornix

A

Anterior commissure

86
Q

Superior to the opening that forms the posterior wall of the third ventricle is the small posterior commissure. Superior to the commissure is the ___, which projects into the stalk of the pineal body.

A

pineal recess

87
Q

What can be found superior to the pineal recess?

A

Small habenular commissure

88
Q

The ____ of the thalamus forms the superior part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle

A

medial surface

89
Q

Afferent fibers of the habenular nucleus are received from the ___ nucleus in the temporal lobe through the stria medullaris thalami.

A

amygdaloid

(2) Neuroscience (12 decks)

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