S2_L4: Cerebrum

Question 1

The largest part of the brain, situated in the anterior and middle cranial fossae of the skull. It occupies the whole concavity of the vault of the skull.

Answer 1

Cerebrum

Question 2

What is the deep midline sagittal fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres into two and contains the sickle-shaped fold of dura mater, the falx cerebri, and the anterior cerebral arteries?

Answer 2

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

Question 3

What is known as the great commissure that connects the cerebral hemispheres across the midline?

Answer 3

Corpus callosum

Additional: When corpus callosum incompletely develops, the connectivity of the brain from left and right is very slow & abnormal. It takes time before the person can answer and process (delay in communication)

Question 4

A lesion to this structure results in sudden, forceful involuntary movements in a contralateral extremity. These movements may be jerky (choreiform) or violent (ballistic).

Answer 4

Subthalamus

Question 5

A small, conical structure that is attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon. It projects backward so that it lies posterior to the midbrain.

Answer 5

Pineal gland / pineal body

Question 6

What are the four major parts that constitute the diencephalon?

Answer 6

1. Thalamus
2. Subthalamus
3. Epithalamus
4. Hypothalamus

Question 7

TRUE OR FALSE: The pineal gland possesses a blood brain barrier.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

These are two small hemispherical bodies situated side by side posterior to the tuber cinereum. They possess a central core of gray matter invested by a capsule of myelinated nerve fibers.

Answer 8

Mammillary bodies

Question 9

It is a second horizontal fold of dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.

Answer 9

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 10

Each lateral ventricle contains about _ to _ ml of cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 10

7 to 10 ml

Question 11

The cerebrum is divided into two parts. Enumerate both

Answer 11

1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE: When the corpus callosum fails to develop, no definite signs or symptoms appear

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Where is the calcarine sulcus located on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 13

Found on the medial surface

Question 14

The parieto-occipital sulcus passes downward and anteriorly on the medial surface of the hemisphere to meet the ____.

Answer 14

Calcarine sulcus

Question 15

The calcarine sulcus is joined at a/an ___ angle by the parieto-occipital sulcus about halfway along its length.

Answer 15

Acute

Question 16

The insula is an area of the cortex that lies at the ___ of the deep lateral sulcus.

Answer 16

Bottom

Question 17

A deep cleft found mainly on the inferior and lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere. It consists of a short stem that divides into three rami, namely: anterior horizontal ramus, anterior ascending ramus, and posterior ramus.

Answer 17

Lateral sulcus

Question 18

The insula is responsible for what 3 sensations?

Answer 18

1. Taste sensations (Gestation)
2. Visceral sensations
3. Vestibular sensations

Question 19

It lies inferior to the thalamus and is situated between the thalamus and tegmentum of the midbrain

Answer 19

Subthalamus

Question 20

A small group of neurons situated just medial to the posterior surface of the thalamus

Answer 20

Habenular nucleus

Question 21

The superior part of the base of the pineal stalk contains the (1)___ commissure, while the inferior part of the base of the pineal stalk contains the (2)___ commissure.

Answer 21

1. Habenular
2. Posterior

Question 22

What are the two types of cells found in the pineal gland?

Answer 22

1. Pinealocytes
2. Glial cells

Question 23

What is the term for the concretions of calcified material that progressively accumulate within the pineal gland with age?

Answer 23

Brain sand

Question 24

The pineal gland possess no nerve cells, but ___ fibers derived from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia enter the gland and run in association with the blood vessels and pinealocytes.

Answer 24

Adrenergic sympathetic

Question 25

It is part of the diencephalon that extends from the region of the optic chiasma to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies

Answer 25

Hypothalamus

Question 26

The hypothalamus controls and integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine systems and plays a vital role in ____

Answer 26

Maintaining homeostasis

Question 27

When observed from below, the hypothalamus is seen to be related to these 3 structures (from anterior to posterior order)

Answer 27

1. Optic chiasma 2. Tuber cinereum and Infundibulum 3. Mammillary bodies

Question 27

The third ventricle communicates anteriorly with the lateral ventricles through the ___

Answer 27

Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)

Question 28

The third ventricle communicates posteriorly with the fourth ventricle through the ___

Answer 28

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 29

The surface of each cerebral hemisphere is thrown into folds or (1)___, which are separated from each other by (2)___ or fissures.

Answer 29

1. Gyri 2. Sulci

Question 30

What is the sulcus that is posterior to the gyrus that contains the motor cells that initiate the movements of the opposite side of the body (precentral gyrus)?

Answer 30

Central sulcus

Question 31

What lies posterior to the central sulcus that is known to receive sensory information from the opposite side of the body?

Answer 31

General sensory cortex / Postcentral gyrus

Question 32

The thalamus receives information from all the senses except ____ and routes this information to the higher brain regions that deal with these sensory information.

Answer 32

Smell

Question 33

A large ovoid mass of gray matter that is the brain’s sensory control center and serves as a cell station to all the main sensory systems (except the olfactory pathway)

Answer 33

Thalamus

Question 34

The subthalamic nucleus has the shape of a ___ lens and has important connections with the corpus striatum

Answer 34

Biconvex

Question 35

A degenerative disease of the brain occurring in middle to late life. Common signs of this disease are: Early memory loss, a disintegration of personality, complete disorientation, deterioration in speech, and restlessness.

Answer 35

Alzheimer's disease

Question 36

Drug group for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and act by increasing the presence of acetylcholine at the sites of the disease where there is an Ach deficiency.

Answer 36

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 37

A convex mass of gray matter that is continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum

Answer 37

Tuber cinereum

Question 38

What 3 structures form the neurohypophysis?

Answer 38

1. Median eminence 2. Infundibulum 3. Posterior lobe (pars nervosa) of the hypophysis cerebri

Question 39

A raised part of the tuber cinereum to which is attached the infundibulum

Answer 39

Median eminence

Question 40

The pineal gland is an important endocrine gland capable of influencing the activities of what 5 structures?

Answer 40

1. Pituitary gland 2. Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas 3. Parathyroids 4. Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla 5. Gonads (sex organs)

Question 41

The subthalamic nucleus is regarded as one of the extrapyramidal motor nuclei and has a large connection with the ___.

Answer 41

Globus pallidus

Question 42

It is largest where the body and posterior and inferior horns of the lateral ventricle join, where it may become calcified with age.

Answer 42

Choroid plexus

Question 43

CSF is produced in the choroid plexus of the ___ and normally drains into the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

Answer 43

Lateral ventricle

Question 44

Widespread degeneration of the cerebral cortex gives rise to symptoms of ___

Answer 44

dementia

Question 45

The cerebral cortex is composed of ___ matter

Answer 45

gray

Question 46

Focal lesions of the ___ will produce contralateral hemiparesis

Answer 46

precentral gyrus

Question 47

Lesions of the ___ will result in contralateral hemisensory loss

Answer 47

postcentral gyrus

Question 48

TRUE OR FALSE: The pituitary and the hypothalamus constitute a closely integrated unit, and the hypothalamus plays a role in the release of pituitary hormones

Answer 48

True

Question 49

A slitlike cleft between the two thalami that has anterior, posterior, lateral, superior and inferior walls and is lined with ependyma.

Answer 49

Third ventricle

Question 50

What houses the pituitary gland?

Answer 50

Diaphragma sellae

Question 51

A flattened bundle of nerve fibers situated at the junction of anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle

Answer 51

Optic chiasma

Question 52

The anterolateral corners of the optic chiasma are continuous with the (1)___, and the posterolateral corners are continuous with the (2)___.

Answer 52

1. optic nerves 2. optic tracts

Question 53

The fibers originating from the ___ half of each retina cross the medial plane at the optic chiasma to enter the optic tract of the opposite side

Answer 53

Nasal

Question 54

Posterior to the mammillary bodies lies an area of the brain that is pierced by a number of small apertures and is called ___

Answer 54

Posterior perforated substance Additional: These apertures transmit the central branches of the posterior cerebral arteries

Question 55

What exhibits a circadian rhythm that is influenced by light?

Answer 55

Pineal gland

Question 56

Melatonin and other substances are released into the blood or into the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle where they pass to the anterior lobe of the (1)___ and inhibit the release of (2)___ hormones

Answer 56

1. pituitary gland 2. gonadotropic

Question 57

Melatonin and the enzymes needed for its production are present within the ___

Answer 57

Pineal gland

Question 58

Pineal secretion is produced by pinealocytes. They reach their target organs via the bloodstream through the CSF, producing hormones. Their actions are mainly (1)___ and acts as a (2)___ that always tries to prevent excessess.

Answer 58

1. inhibitory 2. regulator

Question 59

Believed to be a center for integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways

Answer 59

Habenular nucleus

Question 60

A term for large white matter fiber tracts and it usually contains association fibers

Answer 60

Commissure

Question 61

Is hollow and becomes continuous with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri

Answer 61

Infundibulum

Question 62

In the past, the size and shape of the lateral ventricle were investigated clinically by pneumoencephalography. This procedure has now been replaced by two procedures, ___ and ___.

Answer 62

computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Question 63

Tumors of the caudate or lentiform nuclei may cause severe motor or sensory symptoms on the ___ of the body

Answer 63

Opposite side

Question 64

Tumors pressing on the ___ of the posterior limb of the internal capsule will cause progressive spastic hemiplegia

Answer 64

Anterior two thirds

Question 65

A bundle of nerve fibers, which are afferent fibers to the habenular nucleus, forms a ridge along the superior margin of the medial surface of the diencephalon. This ridge is called the ___ and it limits the lateral wall of the third ventricle superiorly.

Answer 65

Stria medullaris thalami

Question 66

The internal capsule is flanked medially by the (1)___ and (2)___ and laterally by the (3)___.

Answer 66

1-2. Caudate nucleus, thalamus 3. Lentiform nucleus

Question 67

The internal capsule is frequently involved in vascular disorders of the brain. The most common cause of arterial hemorrhage is atheromatous degeneration in an artery in a patient with ___.

Answer 67

High blood pressure Additional: A small hemorrhage can cause widespread effects on the contralateral side of the body

Question 68

The lateral surface of the diencephalon is bounded by the ___ of white matter and consists of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brainstem and spinal cord.

Answer 68

Internal capsule

Question 69

The only area of the diencephalon exposed to the surface in the intact brain.

Answer 69

Inferior surface

Question 70

The anterior end of the thalamus is narrow and rounded and forms the ___ boundary of the interventricular foramen

Answer 70

posterior

Question 71

The posterior end of the thalamus is expanded to form the ___, which overhangs the superior colliculus and superior brachium

Answer 71

pulvinar

Question 72

The lateral surface of the thalamus is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the very important band of white matter, the ___

Answer 72

internal capsule

Question 73

Some of the fibers of the stria medullaris thalami cross the midline and reach the habenular nucleus of the opposite side. These latter fibers form the ___.

Answer 73

habenular commissure

Question 74

The anterior wall of the third ventricle is formed by a thin sheet of gray matter, the (1)___. The posterior wall of the third ventricle is formed by the opening into the (2)___.

Answer 74

1. lamina terminalis 2. cerebral aqueduct

Question 75

The lateral wall of the third ventricle is formed by the medial surface of the thalamus superiorly and the hypothalamus inferiorly. These two structures are separated by the (1)___. The lateral walls are joined by the (2)___.

Answer 75

1. hypothalamic sulcus 2. interthalamic connection

Question 76

Thalamic lesions usually result from thrombosis or hemorrhage of one of the arteries that supply the thalamus. Disability resulting from a thalamic lesion would manifest where?

Answer 76

On the contralateral side of the body.

Question 77

The superior surface of the optic chiasma is attached to the lamina terminalis. Inferiorly, it is related to the hypophysis cerebri, from which it is separated by the ___.

Answer 77

diaphragma sellae

Question 78

The superior surface of the thalamus is covered medially by the (1)___ and the fornix, and laterally, it is covered by (2)___ and forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle

Answer 78

1. tela choroidea 2. ependyma

Question 79

The inferior surface of the thalamus is continuous with the ___ of the midbrain

Answer 79

tegmentum

Question 80

This cerebral commissure is essential for learned discrimination, sensory experience, and memory.

Answer 80

Corpus callosum

Question 81

Case: An elderly patient's corpus callosum was destroyed by a disease. Upon examination and evaluation, a pencil was placed in the (R) hand and the patient was asked to close their eyes. The patient recognized the pencil by touch and was able to describe it. The pencil was then placed in the (L) hand, but the patient was unable to describe the pencil in their (L) hand. Why is this so?

Answer 81

Tactile information passed to the (R) postcentral gyrus, but the information will not be able to travel through the corpus callosum to the speech area in the (L) hemisphere.

Question 82

The superior surface of the diencephalon is concealed by the ___, which is a thick bundle of fibers that originates in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe and arches posteriorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body.

Answer 82

Fornix

Question 83

The actual superior wall of the diencephalon is formed by the ___ of the third ventricle which consists of a layer of ependyma

Answer 83

roof

Question 84

What is the band of gray matter connecting one thalamus to the other?

Answer 84

Interthalamic connection / Interthalamic adhesion / Massa intermedia

Question 85

A round bundle of nerve fibers that are situated anterior to the anterior columns of the fornix

Answer 85

Anterior commissure

Question 86

Superior to the opening that forms the posterior wall of the third ventricle is the small posterior commissure. Superior to the commissure is the ___, which projects into the stalk of the pineal body.

Answer 86

pineal recess

Question 87

What can be found superior to the pineal recess?

Answer 87

Small habenular commissure

Question 88

The ____ of the thalamus forms the superior part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle

Answer 88

medial surface

Question 89

Afferent fibers of the habenular nucleus are received from the ___ nucleus in the temporal lobe through the stria medullaris thalami.

Answer 89

amygdaloid