S2 L2.1: Coronary Artery Disease and its Epidemiology

Question 1

Narrowing of the coronary arteries, the epicardial arteries in particular

Answer 1

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 2

T/F: Coronary Artery Disease primarily pertains to small arteries involvement

Answer 2

False. It largely pertain to epicardial arteries but would also involve other small arteries outside the epicardial system.

Question 3

May sufficiently decrease blood flow to the myocardium and usually caused by artherosclerosis (formation of plaque)

Answer 3

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 4

T/F: Coronary Artery Disease is Interchangeable with the term ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE, CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Modified T/F:

Coronary artery disease is one of the biggest problems worldwide

According to the WHO, cardiovascular diseases is the world’s number 3 killer.

Answer 5

TF

According to the World Heart Federation, cardiovascular
disease is the world’s number 1 killer.

Question 6

Are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, commonly referred to as

Answer 6

heart disease and stroke

Question 7

Modified T/F:

CAD is the second most common cause of cardiac muscle dysfunction (CMD)

Scar formation and decreased contractility may occur, as well as reduced relaxation

Answer 7

TT

Question 8

____ million deaths every year from CVD

Answer 8

18.6

Question 9

___ percent of all global deaths from CVD

Answer 9

33 percent

Question 10

______ of CVD deaths take place in ow and middle-income countires

Answer 10

> 75%

Question 11

Give the four (4) global causes of death (both communicable and noncommunicable diseases)

Answer 11

CVD: 18.6 million
Cancer: 10 million
Respiratory diseases: 3.7 million
HIV: 1 million

Question 12

T/F: Cardiac muscle dysfunction (CMD) from CAD can cause dysfunction of the left or right ventricle or both as a result of injury

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Give at least five (5) risk factors of CAD

Answer 13

● High Blood Pressure
● High Cholesterol
● Unhealthy Diet
● Diabetes - becoming a huge problem worldwide
● Overweight & Obesity
● Tobacco
● Air Pollution
● Kidney Disease
● Physical Inactivity
● Harmful use of alcohol

Question 14

World’s leading causes of death (rank the following diseases from top 1 to top 8):

Diarrhoeal diseases
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Ischemic heart disease
Stroke
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Lower respiratory infecitons
Neonatal conditions
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

Answer 14

1. Ischemic heart disease
2. Stroke
3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4. Lower respiratory infections
5. Neonatal conditions
6. Trachea, bronchus ,lung cancers
7. Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
   8.. Diarrhoeal diseases

Question 15

NON COMMUNICAL DISEASES (NCDS)

T/F:
1. 7 in very 10 deaths worldwide from often avoidable causes
2. Heart and lung diseases are the BIGGEST KILLERS WORLDWIDE
3. Every 10 seconds someone aged 30 to 70 years dies prematurely from heart and lung diseases, stroke, cancer, and diabetes

Answer 15

1. T
2. F. Heart and lung, stroke, cancer and diabetes are the
   BIGGEST KILLERS WORLDWIDE
3. Every 2 seconds someone aged 30 to 70 years dies prematurely from heart and lung diseases, stroke,
   cancer and diabetes

Question 16

What are the five (5) main NCD risks?

Answer 16

○ Unhealthy diet
○ Tobacco use
○ Air pollution
○ Harmful use of alcohol - Too much is bad, drink in moderation
○ Physical inactivity

Question 17

Rank the following causes of death in the Philippines in 2020 (according to Philippine Statistics Authority):

Ischemic heart diseases
Respiratory tuberculosis
Neoplasms (tumors)
Cerebrovascular diseases
Diabetes mellitus
Diseases of the genitourinary systems
Hypertensive diseases
Other heart diseases
Pneumonia
Chronic lower respiratory infections

Answer 17

1. Ischaemic heart diseases
2. Neoplasms (tumors)
3. Cerebrovascular diseases
4. Diabetes Mellitus
5. Pneumonia
6. Hypertensive diseases
7. Other heart diseases
8. Chronic lower respiratory infections
9. Diseases of the genitourinary systems
10. Respiratory tuberculosis
    ➔ Cardiologists handle 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7

Question 18

What are the five stages of epidemiologic transition?

Answer 18

1. Pestilence and famine
2. Receding pandemics
3. Degenerative & human-made diseases
4. Delayed degenerative diseases
5. Inactivity and obesity

Question 19

What stage of epidemiologic transition is this?

Improvements in nutrition and public
health, leading to decrease in rates of deaths related to malnutrition and infection; precipitous decline in infant and child mortality rates

Answer 19

Receding pandemics

Question 20

What is the description of pestilence and famine in your own words?

Answer 20

Predominance of malnutrition and infectious diseases as causes of death; high rates of infant and child mortality; low mean life expectancy

Question 21

What stage of epidemiologic tansition is this?

Increased data and caloric intake and decrease in physical activity, leading to emergence of hypertension and artherosclerosis; with increase in life expectancy, mortality from chronic, noncomminicable doseases exceeds mortality from malnutrition and infectious diseases

Answer 21

Degenerative & human made diseases

Question 22

What is the description of delayed degenerative disease in your own words?

Answer 22

CVD and cancer the major causes of morbidity and mortality; fewer deaths among those with disease and primary events delayed due to better treatment and prevention efforts; decline of age-adjusted CVD mortality; CVD affecting older and older individuals

Question 23

What stage of epidemiologic transition is this?

Overweight and obesity increase at alarming rate; diabetes and hypertension increase; leveling off of decline in smoking-rate; physical activity recommendations met by a minority of the population

Answer 23

Inactivity and obesity

Question 24

Five stages of epidemiologic transition

Match the following items regarding percentage of deaths related to CVD:
1. <10%
2. 35-65%
3. 10-35%
4. Possible reversal of age-adjusted declines in mortality
5. 40-50%

A. Pestilence and famine
B. Receding pandemics
C. Degenerative & human-made diseases
D. Delayed degenerative diseases
E. Inactivity and obesity

Answer 24

1. A.
2. C.
   3.B.
3. E.
4. D.

Question 25

Match the following items regarding the predominant CVD under each stage of epidemiologic transition:

1. Rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathies caused by infection and malnutrition
2. CHD and stroke ( ischemic and hemorrhagic)
3. Rheumatic valvular disease, hypertension, CHS, and stroke (predominantly hemorrhagic)
4. CHS, stroke, and congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease
5. CHD, stroke, and congestive heart failure

A. Pestilence and famine
B. Receding pandemics
C. Degenerative & human-made diseases
D. Delayed degenerative diseases
E. Inactivity and obesity

Answer 25

1. A.
2. C.
3. B.
4. E.
5. D.

Question 26

Estimated Morbidity Related to Heart Disease (2010 - 2030):

Match the following in relation with year 2010

1. 18.1 million
2. 11.5 %
3. 9.2%
4. 13.6%
5. 13.1%
6. 30.8%

A. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths: annual number of all deaths
B. CVD deaths: percentage of all deaths
C. Coronary heart disease. (CHD) deaths: percentage of all male deaths
D. CHD deaths: percentage of all female deaths
E. Stroke deaths: percentage of all male deaths
F. Stroke deaths: percentage of all female deaths

Answer 26

1. A
2. F
3. E
4. D
5. C
6. B