S/s, Ix Flashcards
sore throat could be a symptoms of
tonsillitis, mono, epiglottis, local inflammation (GORD etc)
consider some possible mx of sore throat
abx, nebulisers, corticosteroids.
severe- intubation, IV abx, tracheostomy
epistaxis mainly arises from ______ _____ which is where most vessels anastomose (Kisselbach’s plexus)
Little’s area
3 causes of epistaxis
local (trauma, FBs), systemic (drugs, clotting abnormalities etc), malignancy
mx for epistaxis
local- pack nose, pinch and lean forward
generic: artery ligation (spehnopalatine most common)
systemic: reverse anticoags, tranexamic acid, platelet transfusion
red flags for rhinology
unilateral symptoms, bloody discharge, change in vision, dental change
red flags for otology
otalgia associated with H&N symptoms, CN palsies, deep persistent pain
red flags for H&N
cough/haemoptysis, referred otalgia, wt loss
audiogram for sensorineural loss has lines _____
together
conductive heading loss audiogram has lines _____
apart
vestibular schwanoma is _______ hearing loss
sensorineural
what is the aim of audiometry
to find the hearing threshold
how many threshold are there and what would be indicative of profound hearing loss
air conduction, bone conduction
profound hearing loss: +95db
what is masking?
when non pathological ear picks up sound masking the pathology
what are the 3 types of hearing loss and what they entail
sensorineural hearing loss: damage to hair cells in cochlea or CN VIII
conductive hearing loss: airwaves can’t travel through inner-ear due to pathology in outer/middle ear (OM etc)
mixed hearing loss: damage to all of auditory pathway
