Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENT > Histology, Physiology, Pathology > Flashcards

Histology, Physiology, Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

epithelium of platine tonsils is…

A

squamous epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

epi of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) is…

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epi > sq epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

way to remember epitheliums

A

where food goes= squamous epithelium

where air goes= columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does taste occur

A

sensory receptors in taste buds > synapse with afferent nerve cells > signals conveyed via cranial nerves to gustatory areas in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 papillae in tongue (sites of taste buds)

A

filiform, valate, foliate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CN VII carries taste signals from…
CN IX carries taste signals from…
CN X carries taste signals from…

A

CN VII= ant 2/3rds of tongue (chrodae tympani)
CN IX= post 1/3rd
CN X= all other areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 types of taste pathology

A

ageusia, hypogeusia, dysguesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does smell occur

A

smell enters nasal cavity > passes olfactory cleft where becomes aqueous > mucus carries to olfactory neuroepithelium > olfactory cilia pick up odourant and pass it through receptor cell where become olfactory nerve fibres > pierce the cribriform plate > enter olfactory bulbs > synapse 2nd order neurones > signal passes through olfactory tract and enters temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what 4 things does the olfactory epithelium contain

A

bi-polar neurones, basal cells, support cells, duct cells (from bowman’s glands- secretes mucus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 4 neural olfactory systems

A

CN 1 (olfactory nerve), CN 0 (nervus terminalis), accessory olfactory system, CN V (more protective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the odourant have to be to be smelled

A

volatile and water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pathology of smell

A

ansomia, hyposmia, dysosmia, phantosmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does hearing occur

A

sound collected and funnelled in outer ear > hits tympanic membrane > pressure waves move the ossicles in inner ear where more energy is generated > hits oval window and stapes > cochlear apparatus receives high energy pressure waves and the perilymph/endolymph is vibrated > hair cells at organ of corti stimulated generating AP > AP travels along cochlear nerve (CN VIII branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

frequency dictates _____, and amplitude dictates _____

A

pitch, intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 3 components of the cochlea

A

scala tympani, scala media, scala vestibuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why does the middle ear need to generate more energy

A

because it requires more energy to vibrate fluid in comparison to air molecules

17
Q

difference between inner and outer hair cells is…

A

inner: perceive sound and relay to brain
outer: modulate sound

18
Q

the Eustachian tube is physiologically closed, what muscle opens it to equalise pressure between nasopharynx and ear?

A

tensor palatini muscle (CN V3 innervation)

19
Q

what is responsible for balance

A

hair cells are responsible (kinocilium and the stereoculium- hair cells of vestibular apparatus). these move with direction of movement.

20
Q

T/F: the SC canals in vestibular apparatus provide the feeling of gravity

A

F: the utricle and the saccule (otolith organs) lend the feeling of gravity, SC canals detect movement

21
Q

what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

when head moves, eyesight can remain fixed.

this is achieved by inhibiting certain intra-ocular muscles .

22
Q

what does Poiseuille’s equation and Venturi effect state?

A

as airway diameter reduces, the air resistance inc 4 fold

23
Q

what are salivary glands made up of (3 components)

A

acinar (secretes digestive enzymes), ductular (myoepithelial cells), mutinous component (glycoproteins)

24
Q

what are some ear pathologies

A

otitis media, cholestatoma, tumours (Sq cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, other rare cancers e.g. vestibular schwanoma)

25
Q

where are cholesteaomas most commonly found

A

superoposteriar aspect of middle ear

26
Q

name some nose pathology

A

rhinitis, polyps, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, tumours

27
Q

what cancers can EBV be risk factor to and why

A

nasopharyngeal carcinomas, B-cell lymphomas (Hodgkin’s) as virus promotes autonomic b-cell proliferation preventing apoptosis and pro-angiogenic mechanisms

28
Q

what are some throat pathologies

A

polyps, contact ulcer, tumours

29
Q

how does HPV predispose to cancers

A

type 16- produced E6 and E7 which disrupt p53 and RB pathways leading to lack of apoptosis/ cellular immortality

30
Q

some salivary gland pathology

A

stones (sialolithiasis), infection, tumours

ENT (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions