S&F of bones and joints

Question 1

4 tissue types of human body

Answer 1

connective (skeletal and articular systems)
muscle
nervous
epithelial

Question 2

What is connective tissue

Answer 2

bones, cartilage, soft tissue e.g. skin, fascia, tendons and ligaments

Question 3

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 3

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 4

The body contains ____ bones

Answer 4

206

Question 5

What are the key functions of bones

Answer 5

Mechanical - support, protection, movement
Physiological - mineral storage, blood cell formation

Question 6

How can bones be classified?

Answer 6

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Question 7

Important points about the long bone (and some examples)

Answer 7

Greater in one dimension than the other 2 dimensions
They have long hollow shafts and knobby ends
Femur, phalanges, metacarpals of the hand

Question 8

The flat bone - what is its shape, what does it provide, and what is an example?

Answer 8

Flat in shape
Provides protection
e.g. sternum

Question 9

example of an irregular bone

Answer 9

vertebra

Question 10

What is a sesamoid bone
What does it do
Example

Answer 10

Small oval shaped bones embedded within a tendon
Decrease stress and/or increase leverage
Patella

Question 11

List the key characteristics of a long bone

Answer 11

Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Periosteum
Articular cartilage

Question 12

What is the diaphysis and what does it contain

Answer 12

Has a diaphysis (long hollow shaft)
Has compact (cortical) bone surrounding medullary (bone marrow cavity)

Question 13

What is the epiphysis and what does it consist of

Answer 13

Large prominences at either end of the diaphysis
Primarily cancellous bone (spongy, trabecular) with a layer of compact bone

Question 14

What happens during maturation of a bone

Answer 14

Separated from diaphysis by the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), where long bones elongate
This plate closes when bone reaches it max length (maturity)

Question 15

Where does the periosteum cover and what does it produce?

Answer 15

Dense fibrous membrane that covers the entire bone, except the region of the epiphysis covered by articular cartilage
Also produces bone cells

Question 16

What does the articular cartilage cover and what does it do

Answer 16

Covers the epihyses
Very smooth tissue that creates low coefficient of friction between articulating bones

Question 17

short, flat, irregular and sesamoids structure

Answer 17

They are mostly cancellous bone that is surrounded by thin layer of compact bone that is covered by periosteum
Do not contain a diaphysis
Similar to the epiphysis of a long bone

Question 18

Tuberosity def and e.g.

Answer 18

Large bump on a bone
Tibial tuberosity

Question 19

Tubercle def and e.g

Answer 19

Smaller bump on a bone
Greater and lesser tubercle on the femur

Question 20

Process def and e.g.

Answer 20

Projection from a bone
Acromion process and coracoid process on the scapula, spinous process on a vertebrae

Question 21

Condyles def and e.g

Answer 21

Large bony knobs at the end of long bones that articulate with another bone
The articular surface of the condyle is the part of the condyle that is covered with articular cartilage and articulates with another bone
e.g. medial and lateral femoral condyles

Question 22

Epicondyles def and e.g
What do they serve as

Answer 22

Smaller bony knobs that may appear above condyles
They serve as attachment sites for other structures
e.g medial and lateral femoral epicondyles

Question 23

What is a spine on a bone and an e.g.

Answer 23

Longer and thinner projection off a bone than a tuberosity
Spine of the scapula

Question 24

Facet def and e.g.

Answer 24

Small smooth, usually flat surface
e.g. proximal, middle and distal facets on the greater tubercle of the humerus

Question 25

Fossa def and e.g.

Answer 25

Smooth, hollow concave surface on a bone
e.g. infraspinous fossa, supraspinous fossa

Question 26

Notch def and e.g.

Answer 26

Area of bones that appear cut out/indentation on the border edge of a bone
e.g. trochlear notch of the ulna

Question 27

Foramen def and e.g.

Answer 27

A hole in a bone
e.g. vertebral foramen

Question 28

What do foramens and notches allow for?

Answer 28

Passages of other structures e.g. nerves and blood vessels

Question 29

What are ligaments

Answer 29

Cords or bands of dense fibrous connective tissue that attach the articulating bones to one another

Question 30

2 key characteristics of ligaments

Answer 30

1. Extensibility - the ability to elongate beyond the structures resting length
2. Elasticity - the ability to return to resting length following elongation

Question 31

2 key functions of ligaments

Answer 31

1. contribute to joint stability (limit excessive joint motion)
2. facilitate gliding, sliding and/or rolling between the articulating bones (arthrokinematics)

Question 32

List the 2 major types of joints

Answer 32

Diarthrodial and synarthrodial

Question 33

What factors influence the stability of a joint?

Answer 33

Ligaments (thickness, laxity, number)
Shapes of articulating bones (joint congruency)
Muscles (number and strength of muscles that cross a joint)
Joint capsule, fascia

Question 34

Key characteristics of a diarthrodial (synovial joint)

Answer 34

-separation of the articulating bones and presence of a joint cavity
-a joint (articular) capsule that surrounds the ends of the articulating structures
-a synovial membrane that lines the joint that secretes synovial fluid

Question 35

Key characteristics of a synarthrodial joint

Answer 35

Distinguished by a lack of separation or joint cavity between the articulating bones
There are 3 subdivisions: fibrous, cartilaginous, ligamentous
The joints are rigid (e.g. fibrous) or allow limited movement (cartilaginous, ligamentous)

Question 36

6 subdivisions of diarthrodial joints

Answer 36

Hinge
B+S
Irregular
Condyloid
Saddle
Pivot

Question 37

Irregular joint def and e.g.

Answer 37

The surface of the 2 articulating structures are irregularly shaped, the articular surfaces are often either slightly rounded or flat
e.g. the joints between the carpal bones of the wrist (intercarpal joints)

Question 38

Condyloid joint def and e.g.

Answer 38

One articulating bone has a concave articular surface, and the other has a convex articular surface
e.g. metacarpophalangeal (the bones of the hand and the proximal phalanges) joints

Question 39

Saddle joint def and e.g.

Answer 39

Both articulating bones have a convex surface in one direction and a concave surface in the opposite direction
e.g. first carpometacarpal joint (joint between wrist and thumb)

Question 40

Pivot joint def and e.g.

Answer 40

One articulating bone has a cylinder-shaped articular surface that rotates inside a ring formed from the other articulating bone and adjoining ligament
e.g. proximal radioulnar joint. the articulation between the cylinder-shaped head of the radius and the radial notch on the ulna

Question 41

What are nonaxial joints
What type of joints are nonaxial?
Give an example

Answer 41

Articulations (joints) that only permit gliding types of movements - rotation dosen’t occur
Irregular joints are nonaxial joints
e.g. the intercarpal joints

Question 42

Uniaxial joints

Answer 42

Articulations that permit rotation in one plane
Hinge and pivot joints are uniaxial
e.g. elbow joint - ulnohumeral articulation

Question 43

Biaxial joints

Answer 43

Articulations (joints) that permit rotation in 2 planes
Condyloid and saddle joints are biaxial
e.g. wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) is a condyloid joint that permits flexion and extension and radial and ulnar deviation

Question 44

Triaxial joints

Answer 44

Articulations that permit rotation in 3 plans
B+S joints are triaxial
e.g. hip joint