S&F of bones and joints Flashcards
4 tissue types of human body
connective (skeletal and articular systems)
muscle
nervous
epithelial
What is connective tissue
bones, cartilage, soft tissue e.g. skin, fascia, tendons and ligaments
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
The body contains ____ bones
206
What are the key functions of bones
Mechanical - support, protection, movement
Physiological - mineral storage, blood cell formation
How can bones be classified?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Important points about the long bone (and some examples)
Greater in one dimension than the other 2 dimensions
They have long hollow shafts and knobby ends
Femur, phalanges, metacarpals of the hand
The flat bone - what is its shape, what does it provide, and what is an example?
Flat in shape
Provides protection
e.g. sternum
example of an irregular bone
vertebra
What is a sesamoid bone
What does it do
Example
Small oval shaped bones embedded within a tendon
Decrease stress and/or increase leverage
Patella
List the key characteristics of a long bone
Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Periosteum
Articular cartilage
What is the diaphysis and what does it contain
Has a diaphysis (long hollow shaft)
Has compact (cortical) bone surrounding medullary (bone marrow cavity)
What is the epiphysis and what does it consist of
Large prominences at either end of the diaphysis
Primarily cancellous bone (spongy, trabecular) with a layer of compact bone
What happens during maturation of a bone
Separated from diaphysis by the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), where long bones elongate
This plate closes when bone reaches it max length (maturity)
Where does the periosteum cover and what does it produce?
Dense fibrous membrane that covers the entire bone, except the region of the epiphysis covered by articular cartilage
Also produces bone cells
What does the articular cartilage cover and what does it do
Covers the epihyses
Very smooth tissue that creates low coefficient of friction between articulating bones
short, flat, irregular and sesamoids structure
They are mostly cancellous bone that is surrounded by thin layer of compact bone that is covered by periosteum
Do not contain a diaphysis
Similar to the epiphysis of a long bone
Tuberosity def and e.g.
Large bump on a bone
Tibial tuberosity
Tubercle def and e.g
Smaller bump on a bone
Greater and lesser tubercle on the femur
Process def and e.g.
Projection from a bone
Acromion process and coracoid process on the scapula, spinous process on a vertebrae
Condyles def and e.g
Large bony knobs at the end of long bones that articulate with another bone
The articular surface of the condyle is the part of the condyle that is covered with articular cartilage and articulates with another bone
e.g. medial and lateral femoral condyles
Epicondyles def and e.g
What do they serve as
Smaller bony knobs that may appear above condyles
They serve as attachment sites for other structures
e.g medial and lateral femoral epicondyles
What is a spine on a bone and an e.g.
Longer and thinner projection off a bone than a tuberosity
Spine of the scapula
Facet def and e.g.
Small smooth, usually flat surface
e.g. proximal, middle and distal facets on the greater tubercle of the humerus
Fossa def and e.g.
Smooth, hollow concave surface on a bone
e.g. infraspinous fossa, supraspinous fossa
Notch def and e.g.
Area of bones that appear cut out/indentation on the border edge of a bone
e.g. trochlear notch of the ulna
Foramen def and e.g.
A hole in a bone
e.g. vertebral foramen
What do foramens and notches allow for?
Passages of other structures e.g. nerves and blood vessels
What are ligaments
Cords or bands of dense fibrous connective tissue that attach the articulating bones to one another
2 key characteristics of ligaments
- Extensibility - the ability to elongate beyond the structures resting length
- Elasticity - the ability to return to resting length following elongation
2 key functions of ligaments
- contribute to joint stability (limit excessive joint motion)
- facilitate gliding, sliding and/or rolling between the articulating bones (arthrokinematics)
List the 2 major types of joints
Diarthrodial and synarthrodial
What factors influence the stability of a joint?
Ligaments (thickness, laxity, number)
Shapes of articulating bones (joint congruency)
Muscles (number and strength of muscles that cross a joint)
Joint capsule, fascia
Key characteristics of a diarthrodial (synovial joint)
-separation of the articulating bones and presence of a joint cavity
-a joint (articular) capsule that surrounds the ends of the articulating structures
-a synovial membrane that lines the joint that secretes synovial fluid
Key characteristics of a synarthrodial joint
Distinguished by a lack of separation or joint cavity between the articulating bones
There are 3 subdivisions: fibrous, cartilaginous, ligamentous
The joints are rigid (e.g. fibrous) or allow limited movement (cartilaginous, ligamentous)
6 subdivisions of diarthrodial joints
Hinge
B+S
Irregular
Condyloid
Saddle
Pivot
Irregular joint def and e.g.
The surface of the 2 articulating structures are irregularly shaped, the articular surfaces are often either slightly rounded or flat
e.g. the joints between the carpal bones of the wrist (intercarpal joints)
Condyloid joint def and e.g.
One articulating bone has a concave articular surface, and the other has a convex articular surface
e.g. metacarpophalangeal (the bones of the hand and the proximal phalanges) joints
Saddle joint def and e.g.
Both articulating bones have a convex surface in one direction and a concave surface in the opposite direction
e.g. first carpometacarpal joint (joint between wrist and thumb)
Pivot joint def and e.g.
One articulating bone has a cylinder-shaped articular surface that rotates inside a ring formed from the other articulating bone and adjoining ligament
e.g. proximal radioulnar joint. the articulation between the cylinder-shaped head of the radius and the radial notch on the ulna
What are nonaxial joints
What type of joints are nonaxial?
Give an example
Articulations (joints) that only permit gliding types of movements - rotation dosen’t occur
Irregular joints are nonaxial joints
e.g. the intercarpal joints
Uniaxial joints
Articulations that permit rotation in one plane
Hinge and pivot joints are uniaxial
e.g. elbow joint - ulnohumeral articulation
Biaxial joints
Articulations (joints) that permit rotation in 2 planes
Condyloid and saddle joints are biaxial
e.g. wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) is a condyloid joint that permits flexion and extension and radial and ulnar deviation
Triaxial joints
Articulations that permit rotation in 3 plans
B+S joints are triaxial
e.g. hip joint
