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Russia Y10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What Year was Nicholas II coronated?

A

1894

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2
Q

what was a Kulak?

A

prosperous peasants

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3
Q

What was the Mir?

A

The Mir was the peasant council; controlling everyday life for the normal peasant. It was usually made up of elders

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4
Q

What was the Tsar’s secret police called?

A

The Okhrana

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5
Q

What started the 1905 revolution?

A

The march on the winter palace led by Father Gapon

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6
Q

How many people died on Bloody Sunday?

A

100 to 1000 depending on sources

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7
Q

How many marchers were there on Bloody Sunday?

A

Around 200,000

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8
Q

What mutiny happened in 1905?

A

The Potemkin Mutiny

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9
Q

What was written to satisfy the people in 1905?

A

The October Manifesto

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10
Q

What did the October Manifesto say?

A

Concessions to the government, Free Speech, Political parties are now legal

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11
Q

What are the fundamental laws?

A

Laws imposed in 1906 to consolidate the Tsar’s power

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12
Q

What was the Duma?

A

A pseudo-government brought about after the October Manifesto

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13
Q

Who was Stolypin?

A

The first Prime Minister of Russia

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14
Q

What was Stolypin’s stick, necktie and carrot?

A

The stick was to come down on strikers, the necktie was the nickname for the noose and the carrot was to win peasants over with land

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15
Q

What year did Stolypin get assassinated?

A

1911

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16
Q

Why was Nicholas II happy about the war?

A

It could boost National Spirit after defeat in 1904-5 against the Japanese

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17
Q

What happened in 1913?

A

The tercentenary of Romanov rule

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18
Q

What happened in 1915?

A

The Tsar took over control of the army

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19
Q

Why was the Tsar taking control of the army bad in 1915?

A

All military defeats could be blamed on him

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20
Q

How many Russians died in WW1?

A

9.15 million

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21
Q

What were the three things Russian society was based on?

A

Theology, Autocracy, Nationality

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22
Q

How were living conditions in the cities?

A

Awful. 12 hour work days, cities rife with disease and low pay

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23
Q

Why were living conditions so bad

A

Peasants rushed to the cities to get new jobs, meaning overcrowding.

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24
Q

What percentage of Russia lived in villages in the early 1900’s?

A

80%

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25
Q

What was special about the Russian industrial revolution?

A

It was very late and very forced in order to keep up with western countries. It was part of the reason why living conditions were so poor.

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26
Q

Why was Stolypin assassinated?

A

Because people thought he wasn’t doing enough. The Tsar thought he was doing much and the following year, Russia entered into an economic downturn

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27
Q

What year did the Social Democratic party split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

A

1903

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28
Q

What were the 9 problems effecting Russia?

A

Communication, Peasants, Workers, Resources, Bank, Farming, Democracy, Defeat in the Russo-Japanese war, Bloody Sunday

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29
Q

How many Dumas were shut down between 1905 and 1914

A

3 - each was more rigged and Tsarist than the last

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30
Q

Why was the Russo-Japanese war so bad for the Tsar?

A

He used it to boost nationalism yet he lost after a year, making opinions of him even more low.

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31
Q

Who opposed the Tsar in the late 19th and early 20th century?

A

Liberals/Cadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks

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32
Q

Why was the war so bad for the countryside?

A

The countryside provided the food, so there was a shortage of food for the peasants as it was all going to the front. Also, aristocrats had no one working their land, so they were unhappy with the Tsar too.

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33
Q

Who was Rasputin?

A

A peasant healer who was brought into the Tsar’s home, to heal the Tsarevich Alexis who had Hemophilia

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34
Q

Why was Rasputin a problem?

A

He was scandalous, and there were rumours of an affair between him and the Tsarina. The public didn’t know the Tsarevich was anaemic so this lowered the Tsar’s public opinion

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35
Q

How was Rasputin killed?

A

He was poisoned, shot and drowned

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36
Q

What happened in the February/ March revolution?

A

The Tsar abdicated

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37
Q

What started the Feb revolution?

A

March on women’s day then a Riot and Strikes the next.

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38
Q

How many Steelworkers went on strike in Feb 1917?

A

20,000

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39
Q

What percentage of St Petersburg was on strike by March?

A

50%

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40
Q

What happened on the 10th and 11th of march?

A

The Duma sets up a provisional government that is shut down the next day on order of the Tsar.

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41
Q

What date did the Tsar Abdicate?

A

15th of March

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42
Q

What was the provisional government?

A

A government set up to rule the country after the Tsar abdicated

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43
Q

When were elections going to happen

A

November 1917

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44
Q

What did the P.G do to the 3 main problems?

A

War- They continued it due to pressure from the allies, Land- Decided to wait until elections but there was a rush to grab land in the countryside, Food - Couldn’t find a solution to feed the people

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45
Q

When did Lenin return to Russia from Switzerland

A

March 1917

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46
Q

What were the slogans for Lenin’s April thesis?

A

‘All power to the Soviets’, ‘Peace, Land and Bread’

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47
Q

What happened in July 1917?

A

Russian attacks in the war are defeated and 500,000 workers strike against the government and war -Bolsheviks lead

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48
Q

What coup failed in September?

A

The Kornilov coup

49
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks get weapons?

A

To counter the Kornilov coup

50
Q

what happened on the 7 November?

A

Bolsheviks stormed the Winter Palace

51
Q

who was the first P.M. of the provisional government and why did they resign?

A

Prince Lvov who resigned after strikes in July 1917

52
Q

What month was it when the Bolsheviks start getting majorities in the Soviets?

A

September

53
Q

who was Trotsky?

A

The right-hand man of Vladimir Lenin

54
Q

who was Lenin?

A

The Leader of the Bolshevik party - the one that wash pushing for another Revolution

55
Q

who was Lenin?

A

The Leader of the Bolshevik party - the one that wash pushing for another Revolution

56
Q

What did Trotsky do?

A

He carried out Lenin’s ideas and led the Red Guards

57
Q

Was the October/November revolution violent?

A

No - only 2 killed

58
Q

How did the new council of People’s commissars stop the war?

A

The Brest-Litovsk treaty - a very harsh treaty

59
Q

How much population was lost in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

lost 34% pop, 32% of agricultural land, 54% of industry, 26% of railways, 89% coal mines

60
Q

What was the cheka?

A

The Cheka was Lenin’s secret police.

61
Q

what did the Red Guards turn into?

A

The Red Army

62
Q

how Red Army members were there in 1918 vs 1920

A

600,000 to 5.5 million

63
Q

what were most of the members of the Red Army?

A

peasants who wanted to protect the new government

64
Q

who were the whites?

A

opponents of the Reds (Tsarist supporters, Socialist Revolutionaries)

65
Q

why did civil war break out in 1918?

A

Anger at being rejected from the constituent assembly, Anger at Brest-Litovsk, Bolsheviks set up the comintern

66
Q

How many Russians died in the Civil War?

A

13.5m Russians died in the civil war

67
Q

When did the Reds win the war

A

1921

68
Q

why were the whites weak?

A

They had divided aims, and a lack of effective leadership.

69
Q

Why did the Reds have an advantage?

A

the Reds had a geographical advantage of the heartland with factories and farmland

70
Q

What did Trotsky do?

A

He installed order in the Red Army, with rules such as any deserting soldier would be shot.

71
Q

What was War Communism?

A

Way Lenin ruled in the civil war. Factories were under gvmnt control, cheka took surplus food

72
Q

why was the Kronstadt uprising so significant

A

The were some of the largest supporters of the Bolsheviks and made Lenin realise he had to change

73
Q

what was the NEP

A

New way Lenin Ruled - trade was allowed an there was an incentive to produce food

74
Q

when did Lenin die?

A

1924

75
Q

Who was favourite to become the new leader of the Bolsheviks

A

Trotsky

76
Q

Who were the competitors in the race for power?

A

The members of the politburo -Bukharin, Rykov, Tomsky, Zinoviev, Kamemev, Trotsky and Stalin

77
Q

How did Stalin beat Trotsky?

A

Trotsky didn’t make secret alliances, he didn’t take Stalin seriously, Trotsky fell ill in 1923, Trotsky also wanted a world revolution, which was unpopular

78
Q

what methods did Stalin use to consolidate his control

A

Propaganda, show trials, education, purges, control of the communist party, constitution, loyal followers and the cult of personality

79
Q

What was Stalin’s secret police named?

A

The NKVD

80
Q

what were Gulags?

A

Labourers built the infrastructure of Russia - labour camps

81
Q

What were the purges?

A

Stalin was paranoid that he was going to be overthrown so killed or arrested anyone who he saw as a threat

82
Q

What things did Stalin use in propoganda?

A

He excluded other leaders from images, promoted economic successes, and reinvented the history of the Bolshevik party.

83
Q

What was the Cult of Personality?

A

Stalin wasn’t seen as evil, most ordinary people saw him as a paternalistic figure and a friend of the workers, while being oblivious to the atrocities committed by his government

84
Q

what were the show trials?

A

Trials that persecuted loyal Bolsheviks as being evil - usually the people that stood against him leading to his leadership

85
Q

What were people in the gulags used for?

A

They were used to help modernise the country by building infrastructure for free

86
Q

What did Stalin do to his army?

A

Due to many good officers and generals being purged, The army was left weaker and without proper leadership

87
Q

How long did Stalin take to modernise the USSR?

A

10 years

88
Q

when was the first 5 year plan announced?

A

1928

89
Q

What was Collectivisation?

A

Announced in 1929, the idea was to increase food production by creating farms to allow use of modern technology.

90
Q

Was Collectivisation successful?

A

No. Kulaks refused to give up land. The countryside ended in chaos and it took 13 years to implement

91
Q

What did the first 5 year plan focus on?

A

major industries such as mining.

92
Q

How were targets set out for the 5-year-plans?

A

GOSPLAN set out overall targets -> each region was told targets -> region set targets for each mine/factory -> leader set targets for each foreman -> set targets for each shift and worker

93
Q

When did the first 5 year plan span?

A

1928-32

94
Q

Was the first 5 year plan successful?

A

Most targets were not reached but the achievements were never seen before. Cities were built (such as Magnito-Gorsk) to achieve this.

95
Q

How were the working conditions for people working to achieve the first five year plans?

A

Terrible - negative 35 degrees was a common temperature and deaths were common. Most people only came because they needed work. Only a few came with enthusiasm.

96
Q

What did the second 5 year plan focus on?

A

To build on the successes of the first - mining and refining. Metal was used for collectivisation

97
Q

what was dekulakisation?

A

Kulaks were declared as enemies of the state. Regions were given numbers of kulaks to find, which they found whether they existed or not

98
Q

What happened between 1932-3?

A

A famine caused by collectivisation and fighting between peasants and the state.

99
Q

What happened if a worker made a mistake?

A

They were considered saboteurs

100
Q

When was the third 5-year-plan?

A

1938-41 (interrupted by ww2)

101
Q

How much did Stalin modernise?

A

He modernised enough to stave off Hitler in WW2

102
Q

What percentage of pigs, cattle and sheep were killed during modernisation?

A

25-30%

103
Q

what was WW2 seen as in Russia?

A

The Great Patriotic War

104
Q

How many Russians died in WW2?

A

Up to 29million, only 8.7 million were serving

105
Q

Who were removed from the west side of the country because people were fearful of them joining the Germans?

A

Tatars

106
Q

What was the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact?

A

A non-aggression pact between the Nazis and the Soviet Union signed in 1939

107
Q

How much of the Russian Airforce was destroyed in 1 day?

A

1/4 of the Russian airforce

108
Q

What was Stalin’s response to the Nazi’s invading?

A

He was furious - went into a mental breakdown - his government was too scared to do anything so did nothing

109
Q

How many Russians died in the siege of Leningrad?

A

1 million citizens although a Soviet victory

110
Q

How many Russians died in the siege of Leningrad?

A

1 million citizens although a Soviet victory

111
Q

What did the employment of women go to in WW2?

A

3 million to 13 million

112
Q

Why was the Soviet Union so underprepared for WW2?

A

Stalin had just purged 3 of every 5 marshals and 13 of every 15 commanders

113
Q

How many years did it take for economic output to return to pre-war levels?

A

almost a decade

114
Q

How many towns and cities were destroyed in WW2?

A

almost 2000

115
Q

What was 1944 known as?

A

The year of 10 victories

116
Q

In which year did all of the Soviet land get retaken?

A

1944

117
Q

When was the Zhenotdel (female section of the Bolsheviks) abolished?

A

1930

118
Q

What percentage of the Bolsheviks were women in 1928?

A

12.8%

History (11 decks)

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