Conflict and tension Y10 Flashcards
When did the Germans sign the November armistice in 1918?
The 11th of November
How many people were killed for each country in WW1?
Germany lost 2.2 mil, England 1m, France, 1.7m
When was the treaty of versailles
28th June 1919
What did France want in the treaty of versailles?
Alsace- Lloraine, to cripple Germany, Rhineland demilitarised, Saaarland occupied.
Why did France want what they wanted from Germany?
Alsace was taken in 1879 from France, they took 1.7 m casualties and they didn’t want to be invaded again
What did England want in the treaty of versailles?
They wanted Germany to lose its navy, but they didn’t want revenge and they wanted Germany to recover economically as they were heir biggest trading partners.
Why did England want Germany to lose its navy?
It threatened the british empire
What did President Wilson want in the treaty of Versailles?
He thought Germany shouldn’t be published too harshly, he wanted to establish the League of Nations, and self governing democratic countries.
Why did Wilson want what he did in the treaty of Versailles?
He wanted world Peace, He believed dictators wanted war and was an idealist. He believed in self-determination
Why did the U.S. not end up joining the league of nations?
The US congress refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles - they believed it was too harsh
What were the 5 main points of the Treaty of Versailles?
Land, The League of Nations, Army, Money, Blame
what land was taken away from Germany?
The eastern portion was given to Poland, the Sudetenland was now part of Czechoslovakia, Saarland was put under control of France for 15 years and returned to Germany in 1935
What were points 2, 4, 5 and 8 in Wilson’s 14 point plan (set out January 1918)
2) free access to the seas (disliked by England)
4) disarmament (disliked by France)
5) Colonies having a say where they want to be (disliked by England)
8) France gaining Alsace-Lloraine (liked by France)
Who were the big 3 at the Paris peace conference?
France- Clemenceau
England - Lloyd George
USA - Wilson
what was War Guilt Clause 231?
A clause in the treaty of Versailles that said that Germany was solely to blame for starting the war
Why was Germany made to pay reparations, and how much were they ordered to pay and when?
they were ordered to pay reparations due to them being held responsible for the war. The figure was announced in 1921, and was set at £6, 600 million - this could not be effected by hyper-inflation then
What was Germany’s army limited to by the treaty of Versailles?
100,000 with no vehicles, submarines or aircraft. They were only allowed 6 battleships
What were the Germans’ reactions to the treaty?
They felt that the fact Anschluss was forbidden and the Sudetenland was given away unfitting for self-determination. They felt accepting all blame was unfair. The loss of 10% of their land meant their pride and economy declined and they failed to pay reparations in 1922-3, meaning the Ruhr was occupied, Germany’s main industrial area.
They were also forced to disarm, and no other country followed through with this so they felt unfairly treated
what was the Spartacist rebellion?
When thew Kaiser refused the Treaty of Versailles in 1918, a socialist revolution caused him to abdicate in 1919. Vigilante groups worked with Freikorps to defeat the Spartacists
What were the Kapp Putsch and the Munich Putsch
The Kapp putsch was in 1920, where the Freikorps rebelled, but the workers strike to stop them.
The Munich Putsch was where Hitler tried to topple the Government in 1923. Nazi stormtroopers took over some official buildings, but Hitler was arrested and tried with Treason
What was the Weimar Government?
A government set by the Kaiser’s advisors, and political parties were elected to the Reichstag (parliament). Eburt was the first president
Why was the treaty of Versailles unfair?
there were no German representatives there, the treaty crippled Germany, it punished ordinary Germans, and the leaders were not removed
Why was the Treaty Of Versailles fair?
Germany did lose, and the treaty could’ve been harsher. The 14 points were refused at first and the Germans calling the treaty harsh was hypocritical, as if they had won, they would’ve imposed a harsh treaty, just like Brest-Litovsk
How did the treaty of Saint Germain, the treaty of Trianon and the treaty of Sevres for Austria, Hungary and Turkey compare to the treaty of Versailles?
They were much harsher as the state was split up, and both lost most of their land, and were limited to less men in the army than in Germany
How did the treaty of Lausanne compare to the treaty of Versailles?
It went back on some of the earlier treaties for Turkey, and was entirely positive.
When was the League of Nations established?
The covenant was written in February 1919 but it was first run in 1920.
What did each of the big 3 want for the L.O.N.?
Wilson wanted a world parliament where representatives met regularly
Britain thought it was a simple organisation that would only meet in emergencies
France proposed a strong league with its own army
What was collective security?
Each member state will defend all other members
What were commissions?
groups set up to deal with a specific issue
What were the aims of the covenant?
1) to discourage aggression
2)To encourage countries to co-operate
3)to encourage countries to disarm
4)to improve living and working conditions of people all over the world
What important countries didn’t join the League?
USA- Congress refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles, in which the League of Nations was baked in. They never joined
USSR- Didn’t want to cooperate with capitalists and they were in a civil war. The
What were the strengths of the structure of the league?
The commissions were very successful. 500,000 refugees were rescued and POWs in Russia were rescued. International Labour organisations improved working conditions and tried t implement the 48 hour work week. Leprosy and Malaria was treated across the world. Slavery was treated as 200,000 slaves in Sierra Leone were freed
What were the weaknesses of the structure of the league?
There was a lot of bureaucracy - the assembly votes had to be unanimous otherwise it would be passed onto the council. There was no army so no decisions could be enforced
What were some successes of the L.O.N. in the 1920s?
1921 Upper Silesia - Divided on lines according to what they voted for.
1921 Aaland islands - Both Sweden and Finland wanted the islands, and accepted the L.O.N. rulings that Finland got them
1925 - Greek Soldiers killed so they invaded Bulgaria. They withdrew after the L.O.N. told them to
What were some failures of the league in the 1920s?
1920 - Poland invaded Vilna in Lithuania but the League did nothing
1923 Corfu - Italy invade Greece and forced them to pay debt. The league was undermined
What was the Kellogg-Briand pact?
France and US signed the pact to not use war as a way of solving International disputes
What were the Locarno treaties?
Germany guaranteed her Western Border - this angered the USSR as they were very close to the eastern border
Why was diplomacy common outside the league?
IT was too slow in the league as they only met once a year, and the league was corrupted
Did diplomacy outside the league increase the likelihood of peace?
Yes, as countries not in the league were drawn into treaties. It also meant more treaties would be needed to be broken on order to declare war
What impact did the great depression have on the league?
The US economy collapsed, loans were taken back and others were left helpless.
Economic problems encouraged extremism such as Mussolini and Hitler into power.
When were the first plans by the league made for disarmament?
1926
What happened at the 1932 disarmament conference
It failed to agree on the principle of equality and Germany walked out.
What happened concerning disarmament in 1936?
Germany came back and promised not to rearm if all other countries destroyed their arms
Why did the League fail in the ’30s? (4 points)
- Impact of the Great Depression
- Japan’s invasion of Manchuria
- Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia
- Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy
Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
The great depression meant Japan struggled to trade as countries used tariffs. They also needed living space due to a population crisis
Why was it surprising that Japan invaded Manchuria?
They were a prominent member of the league.
What reason did Japan use to invade Manchuria?
They had control of Manchuria’s railways but one railway was blown up in September 1931. They blamed this on China and invaded.
What was the Lytton report?
Lord Lytton was sent by the League. It took him a year to create a report on what happened, by which time Japan had already invaded
Why was the League ineffective against Japan?
The US was not in the league so sanctions would be ineffective. The only thing they could do was moral Condemnation
What date did Japan leave the league?
March 1933
What consequences did the Manchuria crisis have?
The League never recovered it reputation, and it was show that people could go against the league and come out unscathed - setting an example for Mussolini and Hitler. It also set the normal response the league would have as being moral condemnation, rather than sanctions or military pressure
What date did Italy first try to take Abyssinia?
1896
how many troops invaded Abyssinia in 1935, and how many people were casualties of chemical weapons?
100,000 troops, 150,000 chemical casualties
What three reasons were there for the Italians to invade Abyssinia?
- There was a dispute on the border
- It was a distraction from the great depression
- To get revenge from 1896
What was the significance of the Suez canal in the Abyssinian Crisis?
It was Italy’s main supply route, but the British refused to close it as it could have resulted in war. Oil sales to Italy weren’t banned as the USA wouldn’t support sanctions, and many people would lose their jobs
What was the Hoare-Laval pact in 1935?
England and France agreed to offer Italy 2/3rds of Abyssinia in order to stop war. This was blatant treachery against the league, and resulted in no more sanction talks
What were the consequences of the Abyssinian Crisis?
Hitler would remilitarize the Rhineland in March 1936. Collective security had completely failed, and the Rome-Berlin axis was set up, which meant that Italy betrayed the league.
When does Mussolini annex Abyssinia?
May 1936
When does Italy succeed from the league?
December 1937
What consequences did the Abyssinian crisis have on Hitler?
It showed him he could push to do anything and all he would get would be moral condemnation and appeasement
From which dates was Hitler leader of the Nazis?
1920-1945
How did Hitler become ‘der Fuhrer’?
He was chancellor in 1933, but his role was combined with president in 1934 to become this
What were the 11 aims of the Nazi party?
Scrap Versailles
Brot + Arbeit
destroy Bolshevism
Antisemitism
Unite with Austria
Ensure Aryan supremacy
Lebensraum
Build Nationalism
strengthen central government
Nationalise important industries
Improve Education
What were the votes for and against leaving the league of nations in Germany
95.1% for
4.9% against
These may be rigged
Name the 5 important actions Hitler took between 1933 and 1935
1933 - Left L.O.N.
1934 - Dollfuss affair (tried to unite with Austria)
1935 - Saar Plebiscite
1935 - Stresa Front
Anglo- German naval agreement
How did Hitler’s armed forces change from 1932 to 1939?
army went from 100,000 to 1 million
Aircraft went from 36 to 8,250
He was allowed to have 35% the size of navy as Britain’s
Why did the Spanish civil war help Hitler militarily?
It allowed Hitler to try out his new military strategies - and he destroyed Guernica in 1937
What was the anti-commintern pact?
In 1936 Hitler and Japan signed the pact to stop communist influence around the world. Italy joined in 1937
What was the Dollfuss affair?
In 1934, Hitler tried to take over Austria by force by using the Nazi party in Austria to help him. It failed, and Italy moved to the Austrian border to deter Hitler (this was before they were allies)
What percentage of the Saarland voted to be returned to Germany in 1935?
90% voted to return to Germany
Why was the returning of Saarland to Germany significant?
It boosted Hitler’s confidence as he thought it showed his country was more desirable than France
What was the Stresa Front?
In 1935, an agreement was made between Britain, France and Italy against Hitler undermining the treaty of Versailles
Why was the Anglo-Naval Agreement significant?
The UK supported Germany breaking the Treaty of Versailles. This went against the Stresa Front, and undermined the L.O.N.
What was Germany’s economic policy quote in 1938?
‘Guns not butter’ - wanted to focus on war
What was Danzig?
A city within the Polish corridor that was ruled by the L.O.N.. Hitler wanted it back, so in 1938 he sent 1000 SS men for a sports competition, where they built barracks for the upcoming invasion in Sep 1939
What changed between 1934 and 1938 that let Hitler complete Anschluss with Austria?
Italy (and Mussolini) was now on his side
Why did Hitler want an Anschluss with Austria?
He wanted German speaking people under German Rule
He wanted Lebensraum
He wanted to unite with his homeland
What was the Sudetenland crisis?
Germany wanted to invade Czechoslovakia to take back the German-speaking Sudetenland.
What was the first Munich conference?
France, England, Germany and Italy created an agreement about the Sudetenland and who it should go to.
What was the policy of appeasement?
A foreign policy appointed notably by Neville Chamberlain, when in the hope to avoid war he let Hitler get away with what he wanted, and hope he would stop (which he didn’t)
