Elizabeth Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Elizabeth’s cousin?
A
Mary, Queen of Scots
2
Q
When was Elizabeth’s reign?
A
1558-1603
3
Q
What religion was each of the Tudors?
A
Henry VIII -Protestant (originally Catholic)
Edward VII - Protestant
Mary - Catholic
Elizabeth - protestant
4
Q
Why was Elizabeth imprisoned in 1554?
A
The Wyatt Rebellion
5
Q
What was the state of Elizabethan England in 1558?
A
Ruled over By Tudors
Church was powerful - Monasteries had been dissolved
Division between Catholics and Protestants
2.7m people
90% in rural areas
Few Towns
6
Q
What was the state of Scotland in 1558?
A
Ruled by Stuarts
Heavily Protestant
enemy of England
main Ally was France
7
Q
What was the state of the Netherlands in 1558?
A
Ruled by Habsburgs
English merchants sold there
8
Q
What was the state of Spain in 1558?
A
Wealthiest and most powerful nation
ruled by Phillip II
ties with Catholic church and HRE
used to be an ally of England
9
Q
how many acts of succession illegitimated and reinstated Elizabeth?
A
Three, 1536, 1536, 1544
10
Q
What was the Wyatt rebellion?
A
A rebellion caused by Mary I marrying Phillip II
11
Q
When was Elizabeth’s mother killed?
A
1538 - when she was 2
12
Q
How did Elizabeth regard Henry VIII?
A
She revered him - she found his power engulfing
13
Q
How was Elizabeth’s education?
A
She had an amazing education - learnt 5 languages
14
Q
Why was Elizabeth protestant?
A
Her father was, and her mother.
15
Q
What problems did Elizabeth face upon her accession to the throne?
A
The contents of her privy council, the religious settlement, disputed succession, what should she do about troops in Scotland, what should she do about the unrest in Ireland, her alliance to the Habsburgs
16
Q
What was the Royal Court?
A
The people that surrounded Elizabeth wherever she was - 500 people, mostly courtiers
17
Q
What were progresses?
A
Where the Queen would go on trips around the country - people could see her - seen as a form of patronage
18
Q
Who was Sir William Cecil?
A
The secretary of state - born 1520 - moderate protestant - stabiliser - chief advisor - spoke his mind -died in 1598 and replaced by his son
19
Q
Who was Sir Francis Walsingham
A
ambassador to Paris in early 1570s- privy council in 1573 - spymaster -knighted in 1577 -puritan
20
Q
Who was Robert Dudley?
A
Earl Of Leicester- Childhood friend of Elizabeth - made master of the horse (personally responsible for Elizabeth’s safety) - argued with Cecil
21
Q
Who was Sir Christopher Hatton?
A
Born 1540-impressed Elizabeth by dancing in court- Captain of Queen’s bodyguard- organised her progresses - became lord Chancellor in 1587
22
Q
Who was Robert Devereux?
A
The stepson of Dudley - given government jobs after going to the court in 1584 - Fought in Netherlands, France and Spain- Was executed in 1601 after a rebellion
23
Q
Who was Robert Cecil?
A
William Cecil’s son - appointed to the privy council in 1591 - was secretary of state in 1596 - sent on diplomatic missions
24
Q
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
A
Born in 1554 - gentleman, poet, soldier - given ship - knighted in 1585 - named Virginia after Elizabeth in 1588 - was sent to the tower in 1595
25
Who was Francis Drake?
Humble Background- knighted 1581 - sponsored voyage around the world in 1577 - Vice Admiral of the Navy
26
Who was John Knox?
A Scottish protestant against female rule
27
What is courtly love?
Courtiers to Elizabeth had to flirt with her outrageously
28
what is the Privy Council?
Group of key decision-makers - William Cecil is in charge - could control what the queen sees
29
What state was the parliament in in Elizabethan times?
It wasn't very powerful - it passed bills that could be turned into laws, if Elizabeth didn't veto it. It also controlled taxation.
30
Why was Elizabeth's Government less effective at the end of her reign? (Economic)
Declining tax revenue - no attempt to revise Marian book of Rates
Lack of money - war in the Netherlands and the Armada campaign cost £2 Million
31
Why was Elizabeth's Government more effective at the end of her reign?(Foreign)
The death of the Queen of Scots meant she was no longer a threat
Spanish Armada defeated- no longer a threat
Victory over the Spanish was a huge propaganda victory
Better trading routes due to exploration
32
Why was Elizabeth's Government less effective at the end of her reign? (Political)
Elizabeth failed to marry so it was uncertain who would proceed her
Robert Cecil lacked the skills that his father had
Key ministers had all died
33
What were the 1590's known as and why?
They were known as the 'nasty nineties' due to the mini ice age
34
What is Purveyance?
The monarch bought goods at much cheaper prices
35
What is patronage?
System of promoting/ favouring someone because they have demonstrated loyalty e.g. giving out a monopoly
36
Why was Succession an issue?
It involved the future of the country - they would take over after Elizabeth dies
37
Why would've marriage solved the issue of succession?
It would've produced a natural heir
38
What was recommended when a natural heir became less likely?
Succession involved naming someone else
39
Why did Elizabeth refuse to name someone as her heir?
She remembered the danger she was in when she was heir
40
What were some successes of Elizabeth's attitude towards marriage?
She kept both Catholic and Protestant suitors happy
She devoted herself to the country
Balanced out factions
41
What were some failures of Elizabeth's attitude towards marriage?
No heir
Tudor line died at her
In 1562 her smallpox caused a succession crisis
Antagonised Phillip II of Spain
42
What is a golden age?
A time when a country prospers and enjoys great successes - particularly in culture
43
What factors in architecture showed the Elizabethan era was a golden age?
Chimney - buildings could be more than 1 storey
Cheap Bricks - buildings could grow
Glass could be used for windows but was expensive - a status symbol
Old Buildings were converted with extensions
Large amount of urbanisation
44
What leaps in education showed the Elizabethan era was a golden age?
1/10 of men could read at the start of the Elizabethan era, to 1/4 at the end.
The printing press meant more books were published in English, including the bible
People could now interpret the Bible themselves
1% to 10% of women could read
More schools were set up, such as grammar schools
45
How did Exploration demonstrate the golden age?
Francis Drake went around the world
he took £600 million in today's money
he uses new technology such as gunpowder and compasses
he brings back the potato, tomato, tobacco and turkey
46
What was the great chain of being?
The chain of command in Elizabethan times, used to keep everyone in their places
47
What was the order of the great chain of being?
God, Monarch, Nobility, Key Clergy, Gentry, Commoners, Animals, Plants
48
What were the Nobility?
The Lords/ Ladies - it was inherited. THey lacked money in Elizabethan times, but had land and status
49
What were the Gentry?
The rich people without Lord/Lady title, they were usually the 2nd born of nobility.
50
Why were the Gentry growing so quickly?
-Tudors had suspicion of the nobility
-Dissolution of monasteries meant more land
-increasing wealth within the country
51
Why did the Gentry cause increasing cultural achievements?
The gentry's money went back into culture as they were keen to sponsor things - some historians believe the rise of the gentry was mirrored by the rise of Capitalism
52
how many people died of Plague in 1563?
17,000 in London
53
Why did London's expansion not show a golden age?
London was overcrowded as people weren't allowed outside the walls of London
54
How important was the Theatre in creating a golden age?
-There were no theatres at the start of Elizabeth's reign
- Companies of actors were disliked by the Government - they were seen as Vagabonds
-1572 Law required actors to be registered
- The first London theatre - 'The Theatre' opened in 1576 and the most famous, the Globe, opened in 1599
by 1603 there were 7 theatres in London
-The theatre was for all, as the pit was cheap and the higher layers more expensive
55
What is a good example of the development of Architecture in Elizabethan times?
Hardwick Hall - built by Elizabeth countess of Shrewsbury.
It is covered in glass to show off.
56
Why was fashion seen as a way of showing the Golden Age in Elizabethan times?
The wealth of the Gentry lead to lavish styles.
The statutes of apparel of Apparel were introduced in 1574 to stop people wearing clothes that were deemed outside of Class
57
What was the cult of Elizabeth?
It was visual and literary propaganda surrounding Elizabeth.
-THe Faerie Queene was a poem written by Edmund Spencer, and Gloriana symbolises power and Glory.
58
What was a Vagabond?
A beggar
59
What was the difference between the impotent poor and idle poor?
The impotent poor couldn't provide for themselves because of reasons outside of their control. Idle poor could, but didn't find jobs for a variety of reasons
60
What were Almshouses?
They were either charitable houses for the poor or places that provided work for the poor
61
What are some examples of Idle poor scammers?
A riffler pretended to be an army officer then robbed people with a sword
Clapperdudgeons pretended to be injured by using arsenic to bleed
62
How did Hampton Court not demonstrate the Golden Age?
-It was built in Henry VII's reign
-It was old-fashioned by the end of Elizabeth's reign.
-This is because Elizabeth didn't have enough to add anything.
-Court and Diplomacy happened there
It impressed all who visited
63
What responded first to poverty?
Local Governments of towns/cities
64
Why did the Sumptuary Laws/ Laws of Apparel demonstrate the rise of the Gentry?
They prevented the gentry impersonating the Nobility - kept in their place. This followed the great chain of being
65
Who were the the first to introduce a beggar licensing system?
York in 1515
66
What did Ipswich do to get young people out of poverty?
A youth training scheme was introduced
67
What percentage of Norwich lived in Poverty in 1570?
80%
68
What were Enclosures?
-Bad harvests happened between 1594-8
-Sheep were kept on land rather than crops
This used less labourers so meant many people lost
jobs
-Common land that people lived off was enclosed physically
-More people moved to cities such as London
69
How did the population of London change in the 1500s?
there were 60,000 people in London in 1500
there were 200,000 people in London in 1600
70
How did inflation cause poverty?
Debasement of coinage meant coins weren't worth as much - it was made out of cheaper metals
This caused the cloth exchange to collapse.
71
How did wars lead to poverty?
Wars were very expensive - money was spent on them instead of the poor
72
How did the reformation cause poverty?
The reformation meant that the monasteries were dissolved.
The poor had to go elsewhere when the monasteries closed in 1536
The monks used to help the poor
73
What did the population change to over the Elizabethan reign?
2.8 to 4 million
74
How many people were killed in the flu outbreak of 1556?
200,000
75
How much was an average labourer paid in a day?
labourers were paid 4d (4 pence) a day
76
When were impotent poor distinguished from the idle poor?
1531- They were allowed to beg in parishes with a license
77
When did the 'genuine unemployed' distinguished from the idle poor?
1572 - some were classed as deserving poor
78
What was the 1601 poor law and how long did it last?
An act of relief for the poor - 200 years
79
What were some of the things the 1601 poor law provided?
-Almshouses
-a tax that was then used to help the poor
-everyone had to pay towards the poor tax
-materials and tools were provided to the deserving poor
80
What did the 1601 poor law represent?
A change in attitude towards the poor
81
Who were the first to class poor into 2 systems?
Norwich
82
Why was the poor law not so good?
It didn't deal with root causes - enclosures and inflation
83
When did the government start helping the poor?
1572
84
What were the features of the Catholic church?
-The pope is the head of the church
-Bible and church in latin
-Priests should not marry
-Churches are decorated
85
What were the features of the Protestant Church?
-The monarch is the head of the church
-Bible and Church conducted in the language of the ordinary people
-Priests allowed to marry
-Churches are not decorated
86
What were the religions of each of the Tudors (from Henry VIII)?
Henry VIII- Catholic then Protestant
Edward VI - Protestant
Mary I - Catholic
Elizabeth - Protestant, but uses 'the middle way'
87
What were Elizabeth's religious aims?
-Unite the Catholics and Protestants
-Maximise personal control and wealth by controlling the church
88
What was the act of supremacy?
-1559
-separated England from Roman Catholic control, declaring the monarch as supreme
-All clergy had to take an oath to her as supreme governor (not head)
-Heresy laws (Mary I) were repealed
89
What was the act of uniformity?
-April 1559
-Told people how the church would be run
-57 rules of the Anglican church
-tried to end quarrels between Catholics and Protestants
-Traditional Catholic Mass was abandoned
90
What was the middle way?
A way of balancing between the two radical groups - Puritans and Catholics
91
Why was the middle way hated by extremists?
It was too catholic for Puritans, it was too Protestant for Catholics
92
Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury 1559-75?
Matthew Parker
93
What were some of the compromises that the middle way made?
-she declared herself as 'governor' vs 'head' of the church
-Catholics were still allowed to practise in private
-The Church was still allowed to celebrate Saints' days
94
What happened between the Catholic church and England in 1569?
Pope Pius V issued a bull of excommunication - Catholics were urged not to be loyal to her
95
what was the 1571 treason act?
No person was allowed to bring the bull into England, punishable by death
96
What were pursuivants?
People sent to houses to find Catholic priests hiding
97
What conflicts between Catholicism and Elizabeth?
-In 1568 a college training seminary priests was set up in Douai
-In 1572 Jesuits were sent to England to convert the elite to control the church
-Cardinal William Allen - 1568 set up the school - made cardinal in 1587
-Both France and Spain were still Catholic - wanted to invade
-1571 papal bull excommunicated Elizabeth
-Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons - famous Jesuits who performed services in London`
98
What percentage of people were Catholic by 1603?
10%
99
Why was Catholicism going away during Elizabethan times?
It was seen as dangerous, unpatriotic and foreign
-due to all the punishments
100
How many Catholic plots were there to replace Elizabeth?
4
101
Who was Mary Queen of Scots?
-Elizabeth's cousin
-Catholic
-Queen of France and Scotland for a time
102
What was MQS's relationship with ELizabeth?
-They were friends when she was in Scotland
-She was locked up in a remote place
103
What was MQS's relationship with England?
-She escaped to England from Scottish Civil War
-She was imprisoned for 17 years until her death
104
What was MQS's relationship with Plots?
-Mary had to decide whether to contest or Help Elizabeth
-She was a figurehead for plots
-Enormous pressure for Mary to be executed
105
What happened at MQS's trial?
-Elizabeth was sympathetic as she had been locked up in the past
-The evidence was so great she was put on trial and then executed
-Elizabeth signed the execution but didn't wanted it to be acted upon until she came as a threat
106
Who was MQS's son?
James VI of Scotland and I of England
-He was named successor of Elizabeth
-Protestant
107
What was the plot against Elizabeth called in 1569?
Northern Rebellion
108
2 key points about the northern rebellion
-Mary arrived in 1568
-Plan to put Mary as Elizabeth's heir, not to replace her
109
Short Term Consequences of Northern Rebellion
-After Norfolk was captured he told the North not to rebel
-They reorganised and tried to rebel again
110
Long Term Consequences of Northern Rebellion
-Elizabeth became more hostile to Catholics
-The Papal Bull
111
Key Points of the Ridolfi Plot
-Catholic Italian Banker
-As Elizabeth was Excommunicated, the plan was to assassinate her
-Use the help of 6000 Spanish
112
Short Term Consequences of Ridolfi Plot
-Spanish Ambassador expelled
-Norfolk Beheaded
-Ridolfi escaped capture
113
Long Term Consequences of Ridolfi Plot
-Mary remained alive
-law introduced against claims on the throne
114
Key Points of Throckmorton Plot
-1583
-Mary was to be freed
-Catholic uprising by jesuits and seminary priests
-Throckmorton acted as an intermediary between Spanish and Mary
-Walsingham found out and forced a confession
115
Short Term Consequences of Throckmorton Plot
-No more Spanish Ambassadors
-Walsingham searched for evidence against Mary
116
Long Term Consequences of Throckmorton Plot
-Band of association established - anyone connected with the death of the Queen could not benefit from it
117
Key Points of Babington Plot
-Mary had been forced into harsher conditions
-The idea was to force her into a plot
-Started a correspondence with the French Ambassador
-Letters were smuggled into and out of Chartley
-Walsingham found out about letters
-Mary consented to the assassination of Elizabeth
-This was undeniable evidence against her
118
Short Term Consequences of Babington Plot
-Babington was hung, drawn and quartered
-Walsingham had proof of Mary's guilt
-Mary was beheaded
119
Long Term Consequences of the Babington plot
-Spanish Armada
-Increase of tension with Catholic powers
120
how many troops were executed in the northern rebellion?
400
121
What were Vestments?
Clothing that priests wear in church
122
What was prophesying?
Some clergy organised prayer gatherings. Puritans took a liberal approach to prayer and interpretations of the bible. This went against Elizabeth
123
What was the Admonition to Parliament?
In 1572 a puritan manifesto was submitted to parliament
124
Who was Peter Wentworth?
A puritan MP who argued against Elizabeth's prerogative. He was sent to the tower in 1576
125
What were the Martin Marprelate pacts?
In 1589, puritan pamphlets were published and circulated. Their printing presses were banned
126
Who were separatists?
Puritans who opted out of Elizabeth's Church and made their own. SOme were founded in 1592, with people being executed in 1593.
127
How did the Puritans see the Religious Settlement?
Too Catholic and wanted it to become more protestant
128
Why were Puritans a threat?
The Archbishop of Canterbury, Grindal, wa a puritan. He refused to stop prophesying
129
Who was John Whitgift?
Replacement Archbishop of Canterbury. He introduced the 39 articles of 1563.
130
How many ministers were suspended after the 39 articles?
300
131
What was the Spanish fleet called that invaded England in 1588?
The Armada
132
What were the religious reasons for the Armada?
-Elizabeth was a protestant
-King Phillip saw Elizabeth as a heretic
133
What did the rebellion in the Netherlands mean for tension between England and Spain?
-Phillip had to put a stop to it
-Elizabeth helped the rebels
-She wanted Phillip to be gone and the cloth trade back
134
How did Privateers contribute to the tension between Elizabeth and Phillip?
-Attacks on spanish treasure was sanctioned by Elizabeth
-Elizabeth refused to pay Phillip back
135
How did the plots against Elizabeth lead to tension?
-Spanish ambassadors were involved in multiple plots to kill Elizabeth
136
How did religious persecution lead to tension between Elizabeth and Phillip?
Elizabeth supported Huguenots while Phillip had signed a treaty with France in 1584
137
Why did Tension lead to the Armada?
-Phillip had started to consider invading England
-MQS was executed in 1587
-The treaty of nonsuch to help the Dutch protestants put England and Spain at war
138
How many ships were in the Armada?
130 Ships - 2000 Guns
139
How many men were in the Armada?
20,000
140
How many Spanish died and what amount of ships returned?
600 died and only 1/3 of ships returned
141
How many people were in Elizabeth's Privy Council in 1559?
19
142
How many people did Robert Devereaux get as Supporters?
300
143
When was Essex executed?
Feb 1601
144
When were different trading companies set up?
-Muscovy company - 1555
-Eastland Company - 1579
-Levant Company - 1681
-East India Company - 1600
145
What was Rack Renting and what did it lead to?
Extortionate renting prices set by landlords led to multiple evictions and the poor becoming poorer
146
When did the cloth trade with Antwerp collapse?
1550s
147
When did Elizabeth order for the Navy to rally?
May 1588
148
Why did Elizabeth have to rally for a Navy?
There wasn't a permanent Navy - it was made up of contractors
149
When did the Armada reach the English coast?
29th of July
150
What caused England to beat the Armada?
-England got wind behind them
-Smaller faster ships using guns rather than grappling hooks
-Spanish ships took 1 hour to turn around
-England sent 8 fire ships
151
Who was John Witgift?
-The replacement of Edmund Grindal
-made all members of the clergy sign the 3 articles, accepting bishops, the prayer book and the 39 articles of 1563 as opposition by Puritans
-Stopped Prophesying - the views on the Bible stayed static
-Puritans only made the religious settlement more defined
152
What negatives did the defeat of the Armada have?
-England couldn't afford to pay his sailors
153
What were the positives of the defeat of the Armada?
-New naval tactics proven
-Protestant propaganda victory
-England became more powerful
154
How many men and when did Elizabeth send to Netherlands?
7000 men in 1585
155
What were the Martin Marprelate tracts?
In 1589, pamphlets criticising the Elizabethan church were made by Puritans
