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History > Health and the people industrial Revolution > Flashcards

Health and the people industrial Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

what were living conditions like in towns?

A

Squalid and dirty

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2
Q

What new technology meant new ideas could spread faster?

A

Telegraph and penny post

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3
Q

What did the population grow to between 1800 and 1900?

A

16.3m to 41.6m

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4
Q

What did Ehrlich do?

A

He devised the magic bullet, which is the theory that there is a perfect dosage that could kill disease yet not harm the body.

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5
Q

What did Koch do?

A

He applied Pasteur’s germ theory by finding the microbes that caused anthrax and injecting them into mice to make them ill. He also found the germs for cholera.

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6
Q

When did Koch win the nobel prize?

A

1905

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7
Q

What did Pasteur do?

A

He came up with germ theory. He did this by boiling a swan neck boil, and only by breaking the neck microbes would reproduce.

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8
Q

When was germ theory published?

A

1861

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9
Q

What is aseptic surgery?

A

Microbes were excluded from the start of surgery, rather than everything being cleaned by carbolic acid.

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10
Q

Who was an example of someone who opposed Germ Theory?

A

Charlton Bastion - dominated debate and writing articles.

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11
Q

Who promoted Germ Theory in England?

A

Tyndall

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12
Q

what did William Roberts do?

A

He developed a Doctor’s version of Germ Theory to link practical research

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13
Q

What did William Cheyne do?

A

Translated koch’’s work into English. This allowed people to understand the theory.

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14
Q

What is anaesthetic?

A

A substance that induces insensitivity to pain by making a person unconscious or numbing a certain area.

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15
Q

What did people use as anaesthetic before the 1800s?

A

Hashish, mandrake and opium.
They dulled pain, but it was difficult to decide on a dose.

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16
Q

What wa the first anaesthetic to be discovered?

A

Thomas Beddoes and Humphry Davy experimented with laughing gas (nitrous oxide) but didn’t see a use for it. Horace Wells - an American Dentist- used it first for medical purposes in 1844

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17
Q

When was Ether first used?

A

William Clark used it in surgeries on 1842, and demonstrated it publicly in 1846

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18
Q

What were the issues with Ether?

A

It was flammable and poisonous - caused vomiting

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19
Q

How was Chloroform discovered?

A

James Simpson and friends were experimenting with it and it was knocked over, making everyone fall asleep.

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20
Q

Who helped popularise chloroform?

A

Queen Victoria had it in childbirth - “delightful beyond measure”

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21
Q

When was Chloroform first used in surgery?

A

1847

22
Q

What is antiseptic?

A

Stops the growth of microbes, prevents infection

Kills germs and reduces infection, sepsis and putrification

23
Q

How many hospitals were there in london in 1860?

A

36

24
Q

How were hospitals funded in the 1800s?

A

public subscription and companies

25
Q

What was Laudanum

A

a medicine made of 90% alcohol and 10% opium

26
Q

When did Aspirin go on sale?

A

1890

27
Q

When was the London Hospital Saturday fund set up?

A

1870

28
Q

What was the London Hospital Saturday Fund?

A

Allowed Workmen to donate into it and then arranged hospital

29
Q

What was still common in many hospitals in the 1800s

A

Infections

30
Q

What meant many surgeons weren’t competent in the 1800s?

A

Nepotism

31
Q

What is the General Medical council?

A

established in 1858, it was brought in to regulate the profession and standards of Medicine

32
Q

Who was Sophia Jex-Blake?

A

Born 1840 and was the first female doctor in 1865

33
Q

Who was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson?

A

One of the first female doctors and set up her own practice in 1872

34
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

The ‘Lady with the Lamp’, she helped in her frontline hospital in Crimea. She believed that hospitals should be clean and hygienic, yet disagreed with germ theory

35
Q

What did Florence Nightingale decrease the death rate by?

A

From 40% to 2%

36
Q

Who was Mary Seacole?

A

British-Jamaican nurse
-born 1805
Set off to crimea using her own money
-largely forgotten in her death in 1881

37
Q

When were some Cholera epidemics?

A

1831-2, 1848, 1854 and 1866

38
Q

What was one reason that cholera was so deadly?

A

No-one knew what caused it or cured it

39
Q

What did the Cholera epidemics cause?

A

-It was a large agent for public healthcare
-New public health acts covering the regulation of drains, sewerage and water supply were established

40
Q

What did people think cause Cholera in 1854?

A

Miasma which led to cleaning of streets

41
Q

Who believed that cholera spread via the water supply?

A

Edwin Chadwick

42
Q

Who removed the water pump handle to prove that the water supply was the cause of cholera?

A

John Snow

43
Q

What did Bazalgette do?

A

He designed a sewer system that used gravity to direct sewage and flush it away at high tide. Cholera never returned

44
Q

What significance did giving working class men the vote have on their living conditions?

A

The government wanted to stay in power and had to make their living conditions better to keep their vote

45
Q

What did the 2nd public health act (1875) say?

A

-Local councils were
forced to appoint
medical officers
-council ordered to cover sewers, provide fresh water and street lighting

46
Q

When was back-to-back building banned nationally?

A

1909

47
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

Developed Antiseptic surgery with carbolic acid

48
Q

What effect did Antiseptic surgery do?

A

-mortality rate dropped from 46% to 14%
-didn’t have to amputate every limb that was damaged
-more ambitious surgeries were carried out

49
Q

What were some drawbacks to Joseph Lister’s approach?

A

-still wore ordinary clothes and no mask - this wasn’t sanitary
-He didn’t understand Germs so couldn’t back up his method scientifically
-What he was proposing wasn’t revolutionary

50
Q

Which doctors played a role in improving Chloroform?

A

Lister improved it and John Snow popularised it.

51
Q

Why did Pasteur develop Germ Theory?

A

from 1857 to 60 he investigated why wine and beer went sour.
-he showed that if air was kept out of a flask, it didn’t go off
-he identified the microbe for making wine go off
-he showed if you heated the mixture, it would kill all microbial growth - pasteurising it

History (11 decks)

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