Health and the people industrial Revolution Flashcards
what were living conditions like in towns?
Squalid and dirty
What new technology meant new ideas could spread faster?
Telegraph and penny post
What did the population grow to between 1800 and 1900?
16.3m to 41.6m
What did Ehrlich do?
He devised the magic bullet, which is the theory that there is a perfect dosage that could kill disease yet not harm the body.
What did Koch do?
He applied Pasteur’s germ theory by finding the microbes that caused anthrax and injecting them into mice to make them ill. He also found the germs for cholera.
When did Koch win the nobel prize?
1905
What did Pasteur do?
He came up with germ theory. He did this by boiling a swan neck boil, and only by breaking the neck microbes would reproduce.
When was germ theory published?
1861
What is aseptic surgery?
Microbes were excluded from the start of surgery, rather than everything being cleaned by carbolic acid.
Who was an example of someone who opposed Germ Theory?
Charlton Bastion - dominated debate and writing articles.
Who promoted Germ Theory in England?
Tyndall
what did William Roberts do?
He developed a Doctor’s version of Germ Theory to link practical research
What did William Cheyne do?
Translated koch’’s work into English. This allowed people to understand the theory.
What is anaesthetic?
A substance that induces insensitivity to pain by making a person unconscious or numbing a certain area.
What did people use as anaesthetic before the 1800s?
Hashish, mandrake and opium.
They dulled pain, but it was difficult to decide on a dose.
What wa the first anaesthetic to be discovered?
Thomas Beddoes and Humphry Davy experimented with laughing gas (nitrous oxide) but didn’t see a use for it. Horace Wells - an American Dentist- used it first for medical purposes in 1844
When was Ether first used?
William Clark used it in surgeries on 1842, and demonstrated it publicly in 1846
What were the issues with Ether?
It was flammable and poisonous - caused vomiting
How was Chloroform discovered?
James Simpson and friends were experimenting with it and it was knocked over, making everyone fall asleep.
Who helped popularise chloroform?
Queen Victoria had it in childbirth - “delightful beyond measure”
When was Chloroform first used in surgery?
1847
What is antiseptic?
Stops the growth of microbes, prevents infection
Kills germs and reduces infection, sepsis and putrification
How many hospitals were there in london in 1860?
36
How were hospitals funded in the 1800s?
public subscription and companies
What was Laudanum
a medicine made of 90% alcohol and 10% opium
When did Aspirin go on sale?
1890
When was the London Hospital Saturday fund set up?
1870
What was the London Hospital Saturday Fund?
Allowed Workmen to donate into it and then arranged hospital
What was still common in many hospitals in the 1800s
Infections
What meant many surgeons weren’t competent in the 1800s?
Nepotism
What is the General Medical council?
established in 1858, it was brought in to regulate the profession and standards of Medicine
Who was Sophia Jex-Blake?
Born 1840 and was the first female doctor in 1865
Who was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson?
One of the first female doctors and set up her own practice in 1872
Who was Florence Nightingale?
The ‘Lady with the Lamp’, she helped in her frontline hospital in Crimea. She believed that hospitals should be clean and hygienic, yet disagreed with germ theory
What did Florence Nightingale decrease the death rate by?
From 40% to 2%
Who was Mary Seacole?
British-Jamaican nurse
-born 1805
Set off to crimea using her own money
-largely forgotten in her death in 1881
When were some Cholera epidemics?
1831-2, 1848, 1854 and 1866
What was one reason that cholera was so deadly?
No-one knew what caused it or cured it
What did the Cholera epidemics cause?
-It was a large agent for public healthcare
-New public health acts covering the regulation of drains, sewerage and water supply were established
What did people think cause Cholera in 1854?
Miasma which led to cleaning of streets
Who believed that cholera spread via the water supply?
Edwin Chadwick
Who removed the water pump handle to prove that the water supply was the cause of cholera?
John Snow
What did Bazalgette do?
He designed a sewer system that used gravity to direct sewage and flush it away at high tide. Cholera never returned
What significance did giving working class men the vote have on their living conditions?
The government wanted to stay in power and had to make their living conditions better to keep their vote
What did the 2nd public health act (1875) say?
-Local councils were
forced to appoint
medical officers
-council ordered to cover sewers, provide fresh water and street lighting
When was back-to-back building banned nationally?
1909
What did Joseph Lister do?
Developed Antiseptic surgery with carbolic acid
What effect did Antiseptic surgery do?
-mortality rate dropped from 46% to 14%
-didn’t have to amputate every limb that was damaged
-more ambitious surgeries were carried out
What were some drawbacks to Joseph Lister’s approach?
-still wore ordinary clothes and no mask - this wasn’t sanitary
-He didn’t understand Germs so couldn’t back up his method scientifically
-What he was proposing wasn’t revolutionary
Which doctors played a role in improving Chloroform?
Lister improved it and John Snow popularised it.
Why did Pasteur develop Germ Theory?
from 1857 to 60 he investigated why wine and beer went sour.
-he showed that if air was kept out of a flask, it didn’t go off
-he identified the microbe for making wine go off
-he showed if you heated the mixture, it would kill all microbial growth - pasteurising it
