Running and Evolution Flashcards
Which would contribute to lower loading stresses (kg/cm2 loading surface) during running?
wide hips
long snout
large hands
nuchal ligament
large calcaneal tuber
wide hips
Under which condition would moment of inertia of the lower leg and foot around the knee be LOWER?
barefoot condition
shod condition
neither
barefoot condition
Which contributes to lower moment of inertia around the hip and knee during running?
A. large gluteus maximus
B. narrow hips and wide shoulders
C. decreased mass and length of feet and toes
D. tall and narrow form
C. decreased mass and length of feet and toes
Elite distance runners generally swing their legs with their knees bent, so the heel passes close under the hips. What does this do?
A. decreases moment of inertia of the swinging leg
B. decreases the mass of the swinging leg
C. decreases the loading stress
D. decreases foot mass
E. increases oxygen cost of transport
A. decreases moment of inertia of the swinging leg
Another term for moment arm
Level arm
Torque equation
level arm * force = torque
Which type of lift puts more strain on the back muscles?
A. a lift in which the weight is far ahead of the hips
B. a lift in which the distance from the hip to the weight is kept to a minimum
A. a lift in which the weight is far ahead of the hips
The longer the level arm, the ___ force is needed
less
_____ is the resistance to angular movement
Moment of inertia
If the moment of inertia is higher, the arm swing speed is ____
slower
“Choking up” on a bat __________ moment of inertia and _________ bat speed.
A. decreases; increases
B. decreases; also decreases
C. increases; decreases
D. Increases; also increases
A. decreases; increases
Torque is ____ to force
perpendicular
Within an individual, increasing stride _____ to increase endurance running speed is metabolically cheaper than increasing stride ____.
length; frequency
