Ruminants Male Reproductive System Flashcards
What type of penis does ruminants have?
Fibroelastic with some cavernosus muscle
T. albuginea is well-developed
How does the scrotum sit?
More ventral
Testis are vertical
What do you check for before performing castration?
Breeding soundness
Glans, body and root of penis for bruises or fractures
Prostate ruminants
Bovine: body and disseminate part spread along the pelvic urethra
SR: ONLY disseminate part
Distal sigmoid flexure
Could contain bladder stones
TA in this area thin –> erection with increased blood pressure fracture (rupture)
How is the sigmoid flexure maintained?
By the retractor penile muscle and the tunica albuginea
When performing breed soundness exam, what do you need to do to extract the penis?
Pudendal nerve block
Will relax penis and allow for easy extraction and examination
Dorsal penile nerve block (relax flexure)
Pudendal nerve block
Sympathetic blocking caudal rectal and ventral perineal nerves as well, along sacrosciatic ligament
Rectal palpation first
The ____________ relaxes before parturition meaning the cow is in labor
Sacrosciatic ligament (sacrotuberis)
Urethral process in SR and LR
SR: long, past the glans penis
LR: Short and doesn’t extend pass the glans
What is the root of the penis made of?
- Corpus cavernosum (sciatic tuberosity)
- Crus of the penis (covered by ischiocavernosus)
- Bulbospongiosus
Retractor penile muscle
Smooth muscle coming from the 1st and 2nd vertebrae
ANS, sympathetic
Draws the penis into the prepuce
Where does the reactor penis insert?
SR: On the distal part of the sigmoid flexure
LR: On glans penis
Apical Ligament
Located on the dorsum of the distal penis
CS: pathological penile deviations
2 in LR (l. and r.)–> left more developed
Where does the penis receive its blood supply?
Artery of the penis (internal pudendal –> from internal iliac)
What does the artery of the bulb supply?
Corpus spongiosum causing ejaculation
What does the deep artery of the penis supply?
Corpus cavernosum causing erection
What does the bull prepuce contain?
Well developed frenulum of prepuce that attaches to the glans penis to the internal lamina
Ruptures @ 6 m (SR), 1 yr-14 m (LR)
CS of the prepuce?
Persistent penile frenulum causes penis to bend and prevents full extraction during erection
Don’t breed
How do you fix persistent penile frenulum?
Cut during surgery
Block dorsal penile nerve on dorsal aspect of the penis
Urethral Recess/ Diverticulum
Don’t hit during catherization
@ ishiatic arch
Urotlith
Stones in the bladder/urethra
Stricture develops causing it to be recurrent in ruminants
Causes urolithiasis
Why isn’t cryptorchidism common in ruminants?
Because testicular descent happens early
Urolithiasis treatment options
Perineal urethrostomy: insert catheter into perineal region and directly into bladder
Tube cystotomy
Tube cystotomy
When stones are within the bladder
Perimedian incision or through linea alba –> through abdomen directly to bladder
Why are ruminants poor candidates for general anesthesia?
Complication like regurgitation, bloating and muscle damage
What local anesthesia is preferred?
Paravertebral NB
Local infiltration of anesthetic agents
Epidural anesthesia (obstetrical operations, surgery of genitalia)
What are the common sites for epidural?
- First coccygeal intervertebral space (Cd1-Cd2)
- Sacrococcygeal intervertebral space (S5-Cd1)
- Lumbosacral space (iliac crest is landmark)
Castration is done before _________
2 months
