Equine Neck and Thorax Flashcards
Brachioceophalicus m.
Made of cleidomastoideus and cleidobrachialis m.
Neck flexion and limb advancement when horse is in motion
Intramuscular injection
Given in neck area (splenius m.)
Given on the left and right side
What do you avoid during an IM injection?
Dorsal branch of the accessory n.
Deep cervical a.
Injury of the deep cervical artery and the dorsal branch of the accessory n.
Blood under the skin –> hematoma
Atrophy of muscle
Ventral branch of the accessory n.
Supplies the sternocephalicus m.
CS: atrophy of m. and treatment of crib biting, biopsy to diagnose equine motor neuron disease
How do you treat crib biting?
Modified Forssel Technique:
Cut 10 cm of ventral branch of the accessory,
30 cm of omohyoideus and sternohyoideus m.,
30 cm of sternothryroideus m.
Cutaneous coli m.
Covers the jugular vein, cephalic vein, deltoid branch of superficial cervical artery, caudal deep cervical lymph center and thoracic inlet
Superficial cervical fascia
Loose CT
Protects the superficial muscles of the neck and the jugular groove
CS: Ability to communicate (infection to one moves to other structures)
Deep Cervical Fascia
Regular Dense CT
Protects the carotid sheet, trachea and esophagus
What are the borders of the jugular groove?
Dorsal: Omotransversarius and cleidomastoideus m.
Ventral: sternocephalicus m.
Medial: omohyoideus m.
Laterally: cr- skin, cd. cutaneous coli m.
What are the 3 alternative sites for venipuncture that form venous sinuses?
Transverse facial
Deep facial
Buccal sinus
Transverse facial vein
Most accessible for blood collection
For small amounts of blood and anesthesia
Ventral to the facial crest
Between the lateral and medial canthus
What are other alternative sites for venipuncture
Transverse facial vein
Cephalic vein (medially between radius and ulna)
Saphenous vein (medial, distal tibia)
Superficial thoracic vein (spur v.)
What are the sites for obtaining pulse?
Facial (mandibular) a. - primary
Transverse facial a. -secondary
Carotid sheath
Vagosympathetic trunk
Common carotid a. (IV injection, omohyoideus protects)
Recurrent Laryngeal n.
Sometimes the internal jugular
Trachea
Breathing
Associated structures: thyroid and lymphatic centers
Procedures: trans-tracheal wash, broncho-alveolar lavage and tracheotomy/trachostomy
What are the lymph centers along the trachea?
Cr. deep LC
Cd. deep LC
Middle deep LC
Trans-tracheal wash
Between rings 4 and 6
Used to collect fluid for culture from the trachea and the lungs in cases of suspected respiratory infections.
Tracheotomy
Emergency procedure when dying or choking
Cut the annular ligament between rings 4 and 6
Creates immediate air passage
Tracheostomy
Performed to relieve a progressive breathing difficulty (tumor)
Severing parts of tracheal rings 4 and 6
What are the two muscles on the ventral aspect of the trachea?
Sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus m
Esophagus
Cervical esophagus deviates from the dorsal surface of the trachea, laterally, to the left side of the trachea in the first half of the neck
No serosa, only adventitia (makes surgery difficult, making muscles the holding layer)
What are the other lymph centers?
Superficial cervical lymph center
drains the neck, shoulder, arm and thorax
What are the borders of the superficial cervical lymph center?
Lateral: Omotransversarius and cleidomastoideus
Medial: Omohyoideus
Caudal: subclavius
The Nuchal Ligament
Holds and helps the movement of the head of the horse during racing (up and down)
DRCT
What are the 2 parts of the nuchal ligament?
Fu niculus nuchae: cord like
Lamina nuchae: sheet
Funiculus Nuchae
O: back of head
Goes from the dorsal midline of the back of the head to the supraspinous ligament (T2-T8)
Thoraco-lumbar fascia, dorsoscapular ligment, serratus ventralis
Lamina nuchae
O: T2-T3
Inserts on C2-C5
Cranial nuchal bursa
Between ventral aspect of nuchal lig and dor. aspect of C1 (atlas)
Filled with synovial fluid
CS: Poll Evil
Caudal Nuchal bursa
Between ven aspect of nuchal lig and C2 (axial)
CS: Caudal nuchal bursitis
Suprapsinous bursa
Between ventral aspect of nuchal lig and T2-T3
CS: Fistulous Withers
Poll evil
Continuous irritation –> skin breaks –> cr. nuchal bursa gets infected (ie. running into a stall)
Abscess formation that you would open and drain
Atlanto-occipital space
Dorsal midline
Cranial to the wings of the atlas and the skull
CS: collect CSF
Wobbler’s
Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy
Neurological disease that’s caused by stenosis and putting pressure on the SC
Liver Biopsy
Done on the right side from 12-14th ICS
Area is between 2 lines: tuber coxae to the olecranon process and tuber coxae to the point of the shoulder
Lung Biopsy
Done on the right or left from 7th or 8th ICS
3 in. dor to the line between the olecranon process and tuber coxae (cranially)
What are the thoracic cavities
Thoracic (lungs and bronchi)
Mediastinal (heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus)
Pleural (empty)
Lung Auscultation (triangle)
Basal: 6, 11, 16th ICS *
Ven: tuber coxae to the olecranon
Dor: back muscles
Cr: olecranon to long head of the triceps
Line of diaphragmatic pleural reflection
Where the pleura covers the lungs and diaphragm
CS: cr to that line is the thoracic cavity, cd to the line you’re in the abdominal cavity (collecting peritoneal fluid)
7th-17th ICS
Heart Ausultation
PAM345
R4
Thoracocentesis
Collect thoracic fluid to diagnose respiratory diseases
2 in. cr. to the line of pleural reflection
R: 6th or 7th ICS
L: 7th or 8th ICS
Bilateral action of the brachiocephalicus flexes the neck _________
Ventral
Unilateral action of the brachiocephalicus bends the neck _______
Toward the active side
When the neck is fixed, unilateral action of the brachiocephalicus ___________
Advances limb
What does the dorsal branch of the accessory nerve supply?
Trapezius, omotransversarius and brachiocephalicus m
