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2. Anatomy > Ruminants GI Tract > Flashcards

Ruminants GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does ruminants GIT do?

A

Efficient digestive apparatus to digest high-fiber plant material like cellulose/ hemicellulose (microorgs breakdown)
Fermentative digestion

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2
Q

Ruminare

A

To chew over again

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3
Q

Fermentative Digestion

A

Complex carbs are broken down by microogs into simple molecules –> fermentation vat (large container)

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4
Q

How many microogs are in the GIT?

A

Over 200 species
10% play an important role in digestion

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5
Q

Wha does enteric fermentation produce?

A

Methane (CH4) as an end product, it’s belched/ eructed by the animal –> greenhouse gases

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6
Q

What are the 2 turns on the spiral colon?

A

Centripetal loop (inward)
Centrifugal loop (outward)

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7
Q

Which part of the ruminant stomach is glandular?

A

Abomasum

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8
Q

Connecting peritoneal of the GIT?

A

Omentum suspends the stomach
Mesentery suspends the intestines

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9
Q

What is the main organ of prehension for the cow and small ruminants?

A

Tongue –> indiscriminate eaters
Lips

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10
Q

How much saliva does bovine secrete?

A

100L/ day

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11
Q

Lingual fossa

A

Caudal 1/3 of the tongue, elevated
Transverse groove starts it –> because the mucosal lining is soft its prone to injury and harbors bacteria

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12
Q

Diastema

A

Space between teeth with different functions –> pull tongue through space to look in mouth

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13
Q

Papillae of the tongue

A

Mechanical- conical, filiform papillae
Taste- fungiform and vallate papillae

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14
Q

What are the 5 salivary glands?

A

Buccal SG
Labial
Parotid (well developed)
mandibular (monostomatic and polystomatic)

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15
Q

What are the muscular layers of the stomach called?

A

Grooves (outside)
Pillars (inside)
thickening of the muscularis layers

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16
Q

Esophagus

A

Stratified muscles
Stratified squamous
Peristaltic and antiperstatic movement

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17
Q

Stomach compartments

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum
Developed from embryonic gastric spindle
Total capacity: 60L

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18
Q

How is the stomach changed from birth?

A

@ birth abomasum is 60% of stomach because calf needs enzymes from mother to to digest milk
By 2 months rumen and reticulum are 80%

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19
Q

Stomach capacity for ox and small ruminants

A

Rumen: ox 80%, SR 75%
Reticulum: ox 5%, SR 8%
Omasum 8%, 4%
Abomasum: 7%, 13%

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20
Q

What is the location of the rumen?

A

From 7th- 8th ICS to pelvic inlet
From abdominal roof to abdominal floor
Most of the left side of the abdomen

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21
Q

What is the location of the reticulum?

A

Cranial to rumen
Left side of midline
Under 6th, 7th, and 8th ribs
Above the xiphoid process

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22
Q

Characteristics of the reticulum

A

Honeycomb appearance
2 openings: cardia and reticulomasal orifice
Incompletely divided from rumen by the ruminoreticular fold

23
Q

Gastric groove structure

A

Extends from cardia to abomasum
3 parts: Reticular, omasal and abomasal groove

24
Q

How is the gastric groove used?

A

Bypass tube for milk in suckling young
Closure of muscular lips with relaxation of reticulo-omasal orifice and the omaso-abomasal orifice will convert the groove into a closed tube

25
What triggers groove closure?
Chemical receptors in mouth and pharynx, sensitive to milk salts stimulate the vagal reflex
26
Whats used for abomasal deworming medication?
Copper and nicotine sulphate
27
Ruminal contractions
Mixes and moves ingesta from one compartment to the next (belching/eruption) Regulated by the vagus nerve and controlled by gastric center in medulla oblongata
28
Where are contractions usually heard?
Left side @ the paralumbar fossa 1-3 every minute
29
Primary ruminal contraction
Mixing and circulation of digesta in an organized manner 3 phases: biphasic reticular contraction --> contraction of dorsal ruminal sac --> contraction of ventral sac
30
Secodary ruminal contraction
Ingesta flows from the ventral blind sac to the dorsal blind sac --> dorsal sac (eructation) and to the ventral sac Leds to eructation of gases
31
Ingesta
Grain and re-masticated roughages fall into the ventral sac of the rumen Bottom to top: grain/ yesterdays hay, todays hay, gases
32
How does ingesta move?
Cranial sac --> reticulum (reticulo-omasal) --> omasum (omaso-abomasal orifice) --> abomasum
33
Sacs of the rumen
LEFT Dorsal sac in left paralumbar fossa Ventral sac covered by greater omentum
34
What structures are located on the left side of the abdominal cavity ?
Spleen Cranial sac Reticulum
35
What structures are seen on the right side of the abdominal cavity?
Descending duodenum Right lobe of pancreas Superficial wall of the great omentum Liver and gallbladder Part of abomasum and omasum
36
Ruminal Tympany (bloat)
Excessive accumulation of fermentation gases within the reticulorumen Failure of eructation Can develop rapidly and be life-threatening due to pressure on heart, lungs and diaphragm
37
Clinical signs of ruminal typani
Asymmetrical abdominal distention Most pronounced in left paralumbar fossa Tachycardia and Dyspnea
38
Free gas bloat
Mechanical or functional disturbance anywhere along the path of the eructation mechanism
39
Frothy bloat
Ruminal gases trapped in small bubbles within abdominal viscous digesta Trocarization doesn't work
40
What are the causes of frothy bloat?
Esophageal dysfunction Intraluminal: foreign body (choke) Tumor
41
What else can ruminal tympani lead to?
Ruminal motility dysfunction Muscular inactivity (hypocalemia) Reticular adhesion (TRP, abomasal ulcers/ ditenstion, peritonitis) Vagal nerve injury Abnormal rumen environment Lactic acidosis
42
Where is trocarization of the rumen done?
Left paralumbar fossa because its retroperitoneal, and dorsal aspect is cutaneous
43
What are the borders for trocarization?
Cranial: last rib Caudal: cord of the flank (EAO comes down and forms the cord of the flank) Dorsal: back muscles
44
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (TRP)
Sporadic disease caused by perforation of the reticulum by ingested foreign material Contamination of body cavities or organs Rarely in sheep/ goats
45
What are the outcomes of TRP?
Peritonitis Reticular abscess formation Liver puncture and abscessation Pericarditis, pulmonary abscessation
46
What other structures are affected by TRP?
Diaphragm (28-60% of cases) Pericardia (6-8% of cases)
47
How do you treat TRP?
Medical management (parenteral antibiotics) Magnet (prevents migration) Surgery
48
Surgery for TRP
1. Exploratory laparotomy (left, opening the abdominal cavity via ventral midline) 2. Rumenotomy: removing foreign objects and identify perireticular abscesses
49
How do you diagnose TRP?
Rod test Slope test Abduction Bottle neck (advanced, edema of neck)
50
Lactic Acidosis (Rumen overload, grain overload, engorgement toxemia, ruminitis, et.)
Rapid production and absorption of ruminal organic acids and endotoxins Animal over consumes a meal of readily fermentable carbs (finely ground grains)
51
What are the signs of lactic acidosis?
Anorexia Complete rumen stasis Abdominal pain (grunting, distension) Diarrhea (grey, bloody, foamy)
52
What other conditions come with lactic acidosis?
Dehydration Metabolic acidosis: blood pH <7.2 Hypocalcemia Damage to rumen wall Bacterial and mycotic organisms invade surface epithelium endotoxic shock
53
Endotoxic shock
Toxins released during destruction of large numbers of gram-neg organisms from rumen
54
Treatment for lactic acidosis
Mild cases recover without treatment Empty rumen: oral lavage, rumenotomy Oral antacids (magnesium carbonate or hydroxide) Correct dehydration

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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