Ruminants Female Reproductive System

Question 1

Where are is the location of the ovaries?

Answer 1

Caudoventral part of the abdominal cavity
Migrates just cranial to the pelvic inlet
Rectally palpable

Question 2

What are the pouches in the female genital tract?

Answer 2

1. Pararectal pouch
2. Rectogenital pouch-
3. Vesicogenital pouch
4. Pubalvesicle pouch- between pubic bone and bladder

Question 3

Mesocolon

Answer 3

Peritoneal fold that suspends the small colon and rectum to the body wall

Question 4

Structure of the ovary

Answer 4

Small
Mature follicles and corpus luteum (rectally palpable)

Question 5

Estrus cycle

Answer 5

Short- 21 days

Question 6

Uterine tube

Answer 6

Infundibulum (moves the ovulated ova)
Ampulla- site of fertilization
Isthmus

Question 7

Broad ligament

Answer 7

Mesovarium- ovary to wall
Mesometrium-
Mesosalpinx-
Ovarian bursa- space between metrium and salpinx

Question 8

Intercornual Ligament

Answer 8

Fusion of the serosa and muscle fibers
Rectally palpable used to pull uterus caudally for palpating and easier manipulation

Question 9

How is the intercornual ligament differentt in small and large ruminants

Answer 9

SR: only have ventral
LR: have dorsal and ventral creating a pocket used to pull uterus back/ pregnancy diagnostic tool

Question 10

Uterus

Answer 10

Pseudobody
Incomplete fusion of the caudal part of the horns
Contains caruncles (maternal)

Question 11

Endometrial caruncles

Answer 11

Convex in cow
Concave in ewe and goat

Question 12

What forms the cotyledornary placenta (placentome)

Answer 12

Fetal cotyledons and maternal caruncles form the placentome

Question 13

Uterine artery

Answer 13

Branch of the umbilical artery of the internal iliac
Enlarged during pregnancy, stringing vibration “fremitus or thrill”

Question 14

How is the vibration of the uterine artery useful?

Answer 14

Evident @ 3rd month, useful when the uterus is out of reach (pregnancy diagnostic)

Question 15

What are the origins of the uterine artery?

Answer 15

Vaginal a.: supples vag
Umbilical a.: largest @ body of uterus
Ovarian a.: comes at the level of the uterine horn, one branch from aorta

Question 16

Cervix

Answer 16

Thick muscular wall
Lumen is closed by interlocking projections
Mucosa carries longitudinal ridges that intersects the rings

Question 17

Mucosal secretion of the cervix

Answer 17

At estrus: mucus production
At pregnancy: mucus plug (seals)

Question 18

Fornix of the vagina

Answer 18

Where cervix protrudes into the vagina @ external os (dead ends on side)
CS: obstruct cannula during AI

Question 19

What are the openings to the cervix?

Answer 19

Internal ostium- entry to uterus
External ostium: entry to vagina

Question 20

Vagina and Vestibule

Answer 20

Ratio of 3:1
A blind pouch: suburethral diverticulum (retains urine pheromone)

Question 21

CS of the suburethral diverticulum

Answer 21

During urinary catheterization, direct dorsal,t to avoid going t into diverticulum

Question 22

Mammary gland

Answer 22

4 glands divided into 2 halves
Each gland has a single teat
Individual quarters duct systems don’t communicate with each other

Question 23

What is the structure of the mammary gland?

Answer 23

Teat orifice (papillary ostium) —> teat canal (papillary duct) —> papillary sinus —>annular fold —> glands sinus —> lactiferous sinus

Question 24

Papillary and gland sinus form the ____________

Answer 24

Lactiferous sinus

Question 25

How is the teat canal closed?

Answer 25

By longitudinal mucosal folds and smooth muscle sphincter

Question 26

Suspensory apparatus of udder

Answer 26

Lateral fibrous ligaments coming from the symphysial tendon Median elastic ligaments coming from the abdominal tunic

Question 27

Median elastic ligament of the udder

Answer 27

Separate udder into 2 halves, marked externally by inter-mammary groove

Question 28

External pudendal artery

Answer 28

Supplies mammary gland O: pudendopigastric trunk of the deep femoral of the external iliac artery Divided into cranial and caudal mammary arteries

Question 29

External pudendal vein

Answer 29

Major venous drainage of mammary gland Venous ring at the base the udder drains the blood from the gland (+ milk vein)

Question 30

Milk vein (SubQ)

Answer 30

Runs along the abdomen until it penetrates wall at the “milk well” to join the internal thoracic vein Well developed in lactating cows

Question 31

Milk vein is an anastomosis between what 2 veins?

Answer 31

Cranial and caudal superficial epigastrics

Question 32

Lymphatic drainage

Answer 32

Superficial inguinal LN located @ base of udder close to superficial inguinal ring

Question 33

Efferent lymphatic

Answer 33

Through inguinal canal Directed caudodordally while veins are directed craniodorsally

Question 34

Sensory Innervation of the udder

Answer 34

L1 and L2 and genitfofemoral nerve Innervates teat, skin and most glandular tissue

Question 35

Autonomic innervation to the mammary glands

Answer 35

Sympathetic nervous system from caudal mesenteric ganglion (through Genitofemoral nerve Innervates myopitheloal cells a BVs