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2. Anatomy > Equine Abdomen > Flashcards

Equine Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical significance of deep fascia

A

Must be sutured after surgery (holding layer)
2 surgical approaches: paralumbar fossa and flank incision

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2
Q

Paralumbar fossa location

A

Done on the right side
Cr. To tuber coxae
Cd. To las rib
Ven to transverse processes of lumbar vertebra

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3
Q

What is paralumbar fossa used for?

A

To deflate the cecum when the horse has cecal tympani
Using Trocar cannula (stab with trocar, leave cannula in)

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4
Q

Flank incision

A

Done on both sides (usually the right)
Used for ovariectomy and loop colostomy (take part of the colon and attach to skin)

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5
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis

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6
Q

External abdominal oblique

A

O: lat surface of the ribs and thoraco-lumbar fascia
I: tuber coxae and pelvic tendon
Runs caudal ventral

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7
Q

Heaves

A

Seen in older, emaciated, chronic obstruction pulmonary diseased (COPD) horses
Musculo-tendonous junction becomes hypertrophic and prominent

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8
Q

Internal abdominal oblique

A

O: Tuber coxae and pelvic tendon
I: last rib, costal cartilages, linea alba, prepubic tendon
Runs cranial ventral

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9
Q

What happens when the IAO and EAO cross?

A

They create the inguinal area (canal)

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10
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

Inside the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Inguinal/ Scrotal hernia

A

When IAO and EAO contract, inguinal canal will open up
Small intestine will go through the space causing colic entrapment

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12
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

O: last ribs and lumbar vertebrae
I: linea alba

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13
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

O: 4th-9th costal cartilages and sternum
I: Prepubic tendon and accessory ligament

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14
Q

What will you cut during a surgical incision?

A

Skin and Linea alba
don’t cut the muscles

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15
Q

What the clinical significance of the left kidney?

A

Left kidney is more caudal than the right
Edge is rectally palpable

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16
Q

Nephral-splenic ligament

A

Connects the spleen and the left kidney
CS: potential area for intestinal entrapment/ colic (pelvic flexure)

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17
Q

Where is the stomach and duodenum located?

A

On the ventral midline slightly to the left
On the right (1 m long)

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18
Q

What abdominal structures are seen on the right?

A

Liver
Cecum
R. ventral and dorsal colon

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19
Q

What abdominal structures are seen on the left?

A

L. kidney
Spleen
L. ventral and dorsal colon

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20
Q

What is the order of the GI tract?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Duodenum
  4. Jejunum
  5. Ileum
  6. Cecum
  7. Right Ventral colon
  8. Left ventral colon
  9. Pelvic Flexure
  10. Left dorsal colon
  11. Right dorsal colon
  12. Transverse colon
  13. Small colon
  14. Rectum
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21
Q

Esophagus CS

A

No holding layer
No serosa (only adventitia)
On dorsal aspect of trachea, cranial half of neck it deviates

22
Q

What is the location and the two parts of the stomach?

A

Ventral midline slightly to the left
Glandular and non-glandular

23
Q

Margo Plicatus

A

Separates the glandular and non-glandular stomach
Line where parasites and ulcers form

24
Q

What parasites are seen in the stomach?

A

Gasterophillus species

25
What are the 3 muscles layers of the stomach?
Inner circular Outer longitudinal Oblique They mix and breakdown food particles
26
Cardiac sphincter
Junction @ the 11th ICS Acute angle that makes it difficult fo contents to go in the opposite direction
27
How do you pass an endoscope/ nasogastric tube to the stomach?
1. Block the false nostril 2.Measure the endoscope with the 11th ICS 3. Pass tube into the ventral nasal meatus (don't hit the ethmoidal conchae) 4. Watch the left hand side of the neck because the esophagus deviates on left side of neck 5. Tap the tube on the endoscope gently 6. Twist the tube and pass the junction causing the horse to swallow (like he's eating something) @ 11th ICS
28
Pacemaker
Aggregation of enteric neurons that form a plexus Generates electrical activity on its own In pelvic flexure and stomach
29
Duodenum
Not palpable unless horse infected with anterior enteritis On the right, 1 m, smooth Goes to the root of the mesenteric @ the base of the cecum
30
What structures are within the duodenum?
Major papilla (pancreatic secretions) Minor Papilla (bile secretion)
31
What structure is missing from the horse?
Gall Bladder
32
How do you differentiate ventral edema from heaves?
Case history (heaves is old, emaciated and COPD) Edema can happen in any age
33
Jejunum
Coiled, small diameter, long, wide mensentery CS: incarceration, herniation and volvulus
34
Volvulus
Necrosis (black, darkening tissue), Jejunum twists on itself Close BVs (cut and tie) --> remove intestine without blood supply --> tie the live organs together
35
What is the band teniae formula?
4441322 (goes in order of the large intestine)
36
Which structures of the large intestine have no sacculation?
Left dorsal colon and transverse colon
37
What are the anatomical factors that cause colic?
Free moving intestine (jejunum) Acute reductions in diameter Wide mesentery Natural openings
38
What are the natural openings on the GI tract that cause colic?
Nephro-splenic (l. dorsal colon and pelvic flexure entrapped) Epiploic foramen (jejunum) Inguinal area (Jejunum)
39
Acute reductions in the large intestine
Pelvic flexure Cecal colic junction Right dorsal colon and transverse colon
40
Colon displacement
Freely moving large intestines (left ventral and dorsal colon) not sacculated so it turning on it's longitudinal axis
41
Epiglottic foramen borders (Rectal palpation)
Dor: caudate process of liver, vena cava Ven: right lobe of the pancreas, portal vein Cr: hepatoduodenal ligament
42
What are the non-anatomical predisposing factors that causes colic?
Lipoma (older/ fat horses, pedunculated) Enteroliths (more compact sand) Parasites (equinas, adventitious, vulgaris block cranial mesenteric artery) Sand
43
How do you diagnose colic?
Complete history/ signs (unhappy, head pressing, sweating, kicking, bucking) Complete PE Complete Colic Workout
44
What is the complete colic workout?
Abdominal auscultation Gastric Reflux Abdominocentesis Rectal Palpation Radiology and Ultrasound
45
Abdominocentesis
Abdominal tap (collecting abdominal fluid) 10 cm caudal to the zyphoid cartilage on the ventral midline
46
Rectal palpation on the left side
L. kidney Edge of the spleen Nephro-splenic ligament/ area Pelvic flexure Small and large colon If you don't feel, they're displaced
47
Rectal palpation on the right side
Base of the cecum Distended duodenum Root of mesentery (cranial mesenteric artery --> parasite leads to pounding pulse) Cecocolic arteries
48
Rectal Tears
Liability, emergency, location, assess, classification
49
Ventral Midline Celiotomy
Going through the skin and the linea alba
50
Perimedian
Going through: Skin SubQ fat EAO IAO Trasnversus abdominis Transversalis fascia Peritoneum
51
Pelvic Flexure incision
Incision adjacent to the PF because it's small and when it's healed it'll be even smaller Has pacemaker (cutting the nerves will lead to post surgical ileus, not contracting)
52
Complications of Colic Surgery
Suture failure: hernia Technical failure: adhesions and infection

2. Anatomy (14 decks)

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