Equine Abdomen Flashcards
Clinical significance of deep fascia
Must be sutured after surgery (holding layer)
2 surgical approaches: paralumbar fossa and flank incision
Paralumbar fossa location
Done on the right side
Cr. To tuber coxae
Cd. To las rib
Ven to transverse processes of lumbar vertebra
What is paralumbar fossa used for?
To deflate the cecum when the horse has cecal tympani
Using Trocar cannula (stab with trocar, leave cannula in)
Flank incision
Done on both sides (usually the right)
Used for ovariectomy and loop colostomy (take part of the colon and attach to skin)
What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus Abdominis
Rectus Abdominis
External abdominal oblique
O: lat surface of the ribs and thoraco-lumbar fascia
I: tuber coxae and pelvic tendon
Runs caudal ventral
Heaves
Seen in older, emaciated, chronic obstruction pulmonary diseased (COPD) horses
Musculo-tendonous junction becomes hypertrophic and prominent
Internal abdominal oblique
O: Tuber coxae and pelvic tendon
I: last rib, costal cartilages, linea alba, prepubic tendon
Runs cranial ventral
What happens when the IAO and EAO cross?
They create the inguinal area (canal)
Deep inguinal ring
Inside the abdominal cavity
Inguinal/ Scrotal hernia
When IAO and EAO contract, inguinal canal will open up
Small intestine will go through the space causing colic entrapment
Transverse abdominis
O: last ribs and lumbar vertebrae
I: linea alba
Rectus Abdominis
O: 4th-9th costal cartilages and sternum
I: Prepubic tendon and accessory ligament
What will you cut during a surgical incision?
Skin and Linea alba
don’t cut the muscles
What the clinical significance of the left kidney?
Left kidney is more caudal than the right
Edge is rectally palpable
Nephral-splenic ligament
Connects the spleen and the left kidney
CS: potential area for intestinal entrapment/ colic (pelvic flexure)
Where is the stomach and duodenum located?
On the ventral midline slightly to the left
On the right (1 m long)
What abdominal structures are seen on the right?
Liver
Cecum
R. ventral and dorsal colon
What abdominal structures are seen on the left?
L. kidney
Spleen
L. ventral and dorsal colon
What is the order of the GI tract?
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Cecum
- Right Ventral colon
- Left ventral colon
- Pelvic Flexure
- Left dorsal colon
- Right dorsal colon
- Transverse colon
- Small colon
- Rectum
Esophagus CS
No holding layer
No serosa (only adventitia)
On dorsal aspect of trachea, cranial half of neck it deviates
What is the location and the two parts of the stomach?
Ventral midline slightly to the left
Glandular and non-glandular
Margo Plicatus
Separates the glandular and non-glandular stomach
Line where parasites and ulcers form
What parasites are seen in the stomach?
Gasterophillus species
What are the 3 muscles layers of the stomach?
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Oblique
They mix and breakdown food particles
Cardiac sphincter
Junction @ the 11th ICS
Acute angle that makes it difficult fo contents to go in the opposite direction
How do you pass an endoscope/ nasogastric tube to the stomach?
- Block the false nostril
2.Measure the endoscope with the 11th ICS - Pass tube into the ventral nasal meatus (don’t hit the ethmoidal conchae)
- Watch the left hand side of the neck because the esophagus deviates on left side of neck
- Tap the tube on the endoscope gently
- Twist the tube and pass the junction causing the horse to swallow (like he’s eating something) @ 11th ICS
Pacemaker
Aggregation of enteric neurons that form a plexus
Generates electrical activity on its own
In pelvic flexure and stomach
Duodenum
Not palpable unless horse infected with anterior enteritis
On the right, 1 m, smooth
Goes to the root of the mesenteric @ the base of the cecum
What structures are within the duodenum?
Major papilla (pancreatic secretions)
Minor Papilla (bile secretion)
What structure is missing from the horse?
Gall Bladder
How do you differentiate ventral edema from heaves?
Case history (heaves is old, emaciated and COPD)
Edema can happen in any age
Jejunum
Coiled, small diameter, long, wide mensentery
CS: incarceration, herniation and volvulus
Volvulus
Necrosis (black, darkening tissue), Jejunum twists on itself
Close BVs (cut and tie) –> remove intestine without blood supply –> tie the live organs together
What is the band teniae formula?
4441322 (goes in order of the large intestine)
Which structures of the large intestine have no sacculation?
Left dorsal colon and transverse colon
What are the anatomical factors that cause colic?
Free moving intestine (jejunum)
Acute reductions in diameter
Wide mesentery
Natural openings
What are the natural openings on the GI tract that cause colic?
Nephro-splenic (l. dorsal colon and pelvic flexure entrapped)
Epiploic foramen (jejunum)
Inguinal area (Jejunum)
Acute reductions in the large intestine
Pelvic flexure
Cecal colic junction
Right dorsal colon and transverse colon
Colon displacement
Freely moving large intestines (left ventral and dorsal colon) not sacculated so it turning on it’s longitudinal axis
Epiglottic foramen borders (Rectal palpation)
Dor: caudate process of liver, vena cava
Ven: right lobe of the pancreas, portal vein
Cr: hepatoduodenal ligament
What are the non-anatomical predisposing factors that causes colic?
Lipoma (older/ fat horses, pedunculated)
Enteroliths (more compact sand)
Parasites (equinas, adventitious, vulgaris block cranial mesenteric artery)
Sand
How do you diagnose colic?
Complete history/ signs (unhappy, head pressing, sweating, kicking, bucking)
Complete PE
Complete Colic Workout
What is the complete colic workout?
Abdominal auscultation
Gastric Reflux
Abdominocentesis
Rectal Palpation
Radiology and Ultrasound
Abdominocentesis
Abdominal tap (collecting abdominal fluid)
10 cm caudal to the zyphoid cartilage on the ventral midline
Rectal palpation on the left side
L. kidney
Edge of the spleen
Nephro-splenic ligament/ area
Pelvic flexure
Small and large colon
If you don’t feel, they’re displaced
Rectal palpation on the right side
Base of the cecum
Distended duodenum
Root of mesentery (cranial mesenteric artery –> parasite leads to pounding pulse)
Cecocolic arteries
Rectal Tears
Liability, emergency, location, assess, classification
Ventral Midline Celiotomy
Going through the skin and the linea alba
Perimedian
Going through:
Skin
SubQ fat
EAO
IAO
Trasnversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Peritoneum
Pelvic Flexure incision
Incision adjacent to the PF because it’s small and when it’s healed it’ll be even smaller
Has pacemaker (cutting the nerves will lead to post surgical ileus, not contracting)
Complications of Colic Surgery
Suture failure: hernia
Technical failure: adhesions and infection
