Ruminant -- Stomach

Question 1

Ruminant

Answer 1

animal with 4 chambers in stomach

Question 2

Monogastric

Answer 2

animal with single chamber, single stomach

Question 3

differences b/w monogastric and ruminant

Answer 3

-amount of stomach compartments
-Ruminants forage and can digest grasses and hays (break down cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)
-Monogastrics use glucose for energy
-Ruminants use Volatile Fatty Acids for energy

Question 4

Rumen

Answer 4

-largest compartment
-60-70% of digestion occurs here
-lined with papillae to
-1st time –> partially digested into cud
-2nd time –> sends to reticulum

Question 5

Papillae

Answer 5

lines the rumen to increase surface area and create space for microbes

Question 6

Reticulum

Answer 6

-honeycomb structure
-separate digesta
-collects heavy/dense objects

Question 7

Synthesis of non-protein nitrogens

Answer 7

convert NPN into proteins

Question 8

Omasum

Answer 8

-many folds to increase surface area
-site of VFAs and water absorption

Question 9

Abomasum

Answer 9

-most similar to human stomach
-“true stomach”
-HCl and digestive enzymes
–> enters the interlines afterwards

Question 10

4 R’s of Rumination

Answer 10

1. Regurgitation
2. Resalivation
3. Remastication
4. Reduglutition

Question 11

Regurgitation

Answer 11

moving the cub from the rumen back into the mouth

Question 12

Resalivation

Answer 12

saliva maintains ph and keeps the cud moist so it can move easily through the gi track

Question 13

Remastication

Answer 13

rechewing the cud

Question 14

Reduglutition

Answer 14

reswallowing the cud
–> reenters the rumen

Question 15

Fungi

Answer 15

-microbe (8-12%)
-produce hydrogens
-21 species in the rumen

Question 16

Bacteria

Answer 16

-microbe
-largest population (about 70%)
-cellulolytic bacteria to break down cellulose

Question 17

Protozoa

Answer 17

-microbe
-sensitive to lower ph

Question 18

Methanogenic Archer

Answer 18

-microbe
- only about 3%
- produce methane ONLY
-robs animals of 2-12% energy

Question 19

Volatile Fatty Acids

Answer 19

energy source produced by microbes in the rumen

Question 20

Acetate

Answer 20

-VFA
-most abundant fatty acid
-end produce of fiber

Question 21

Propionate

Answer 21

-VFA
-produced by breakdown of sugar and starch or cereal grains
-highly fermentable

Question 22

Butyrate

Answer 22

-VFA
-end product of fibers, sugars, and starches
- least produced
-ketones
–> transported to liver and converted to useful product

Question 23

Food Route of Ruminant

Answer 23

food –> mouth –> rumen –> mouth –> chewing –> rumen –> reticulum –> omasum –> abomasum –> intestines –> colon –> anus