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Biology of Animal Production 1 > Dairy Cow Week 5 Study Questions > Flashcards

Dairy Cow Week 5 Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major components of milk?

A

water, fat, protein, lactose

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2
Q

What is the “Dairy Matrix”?

A

the physical structure of a dairy product, there is nutrients we understand and nutrients we do not know about. This is a product of the natural world and can not be made in the lab.

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3
Q

Define homogenization

A

heat milk to 145 degrees F for 30 min to kill bacteria

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4
Q

Define pasteurization

A

mechanical mixing so milk fat globs small and even

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5
Q

Why is Vitamin D added to milk?

A

increase calcium absorption to prevent rickets

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6
Q

What are the risks associated with drinking raw milk?

A

it is not pasteurized so it may contain dangerous bacteria

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7
Q

What is a typical milk fat percentage for dairy cows?

A

3.9%

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8
Q

Does the milk of a fur seal have more or less fat than the milk of a dairy cow?

A

MORE

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9
Q

What are two types of milk proteins?

A

caseins and whey

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10
Q

What is lactose?

A

milk sugar

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11
Q

What are the main ingredients in dairy cow diets?

A

corn silage, alfalfa, grain, and protein supplements (TMR)

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12
Q

What are the three layers of digesta inside the ruminant stomach?

A

gas, fiber mat, fluid pool

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13
Q

What is rumination? What can rumination collars be used for?

A

-regurgitation of already chewed food
-collars can detect the amount of time a cow ruminates each day

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14
Q

What role do bacteria, protozoa, and fungi play inside the rumen?

A

organisms in the rumen that assist with digestion

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15
Q

What are the primary energy end products of digestion in the rumen?

A

VFA products, glucose, adipose, and protein

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16
Q

Where does the methane produced in the rumen go?

A

in the rumen or in manure (atmosphere)

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17
Q

Give some examples of what the dairy industry can do to reduce enteric methane production.

A

-Take manure from the cows and capture methane to sell
-Biogas generation from manure captures and uses methane that would have gone into the atmosphere otherwise

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18
Q

What can the dairy industry do to reduce the amount of methane coming from manure?

A

DIET: Cow is making more acetate → producing more methane
-Feed substances/chemicals that kill off bacteria that produce methane
-Having efficient cows → having less cows
–>Get cows that make a lot of milk so you need less cows

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19
Q

What are the molecular building blocks of milk?

A

water, fatty acids and glycerol, amino acids, and glucose

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20
Q

What is the standard lactation length?

A

305 days

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21
Q

When does peak lactation occur?

A

2 months

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22
Q

What is persistency?

A

a consistent decline in milk production

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23
Q

Are first lactation or fourth lactation cows more persistent?

A

first lactation

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24
Q

What is negative energy balance?

A

energy expenditure exceeds intake

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25
Q

What is Body Conditon Score (BCS)? What are the expectations for BCS loss and gain during lactation?

A

measures and monitors body condition
–> lose some weight after calving but not too much

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25
Q

What is Body Conditon Score (BCS)? What are the expectations for BCS loss and gain during lactation?

A

measures and monitors body condition
–> lose some weight after calving but not too much

26
Q

What are the consequences of excessive weight loss for cows?

A

illness or disease
–> ketosis or fatty liver

27
Q

What is a “transition cow”?

A

30 days prepartum to 30 days postpartum

28
Q

What are the two worst days in a cow’s life?

A

the day she calves and the day you dry her off

29
Q

What percentage of the herd will die on the farm each year? What period is the cow at the greatest risk?

A

5%
–> first month of lactation

30
Q

What is milk fever? What are the symptoms of milk fever?

A

the cow lactates abruptly and drains calcium
– cow will become weak, fall down, and not get back up

31
Q

How is milk fever treated?

A

infuse calcium

32
Q

What is a “negative DCAD diet” and how does a negative DCAD diet prevent milk fever?

A

control the sensitivity to parathyroid hormone

33
Q

Why do cows get fatty liver postpartum?

A

cows lose weight postpartum and fat moves into the liver. The fat forms in the liver and she is unable to get it out.

34
Q

How do you prevent fatty liver postpartum?

A

diet, keep on weight postpartum

35
Q

What causes ketosis in the postpartum cow? What are some common symptoms of ketosis?

A

elevated BHB in the blood
–> the cow feels sick and will not eat

36
Q

What are your options for testing a cow for ketosis?

A

test urine, blood, or milk

37
Q

How do you treat a cow with ketosis?

A

propylene glycol

38
Q

What is the difference between contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens?

A

contagious is transmitted during milking
–> (passed from cow to cow)
environmental is transmitted through the environment the cow is in
–> (what they touch)

39
Q

How might you prevent contagious compared with environmental mastitis?

A

contagious: parlor hygiene, machine function, post dip.
environmental: clean cow stalls, clean everything, udder prep
both: dry cow treatment

40
Q

What is the difference between clinical and subclinical mastitis?

A

Clinical – symptoms shown
–> clotted milk, swollen udder, loss of appetite, fever
Subclinical – no symptoms shown

41
Q

How do you treat mastitis? Can you sell milk from antibiotic treated cows?

A

-antibiotics (DUMP MILK)
-heal on her own
-sell her

42
Q

What is milk somatic cell count (SCC) and what does it tell you about mammary infections?

A

SCC = come from the immune system to fight infection
–> cows with mastitis will have high SCC in milk

43
Q

What is milk quality? How does SCC affect milk quality, taste and shelf life?

A

is the milk fresh, flavor, shelf life
–> high SCC affects flavor and shelf life (worse and less)

44
Q

Are there antibiotic resistant bacteria on dairy farms?

A

YES

45
Q

What’s the best way to prevent antibiotic resistance on dairy farms?

A

use alternatives to antibiotics when possible

46
Q

What would be a typical incidence of fatty liver, milk fever, ketosis, and mastitis on farm?

A

-fatty liver (none)
-milk fever (none)
-ketosis (<10%)
-mastitis (<2% of cows each month)

47
Q

Be able to define or explain VWP, days open, and calving interval.

A

-Voluntary Waiting Period (VWP) –> amount of time we wait to breed her
-Days Open is the VWP and breeding time
-The calving interval is the days open, through pregnancy, and dry off

48
Q

What is uterine involution? How long does it take for the uterus to completely restore normal fertility?

A

The uterus shrinking down to its normal size
–> 60 days

49
Q

Name the diseases that affect the postpartum uterus.

A

retained placenta, metritis, endometritis, subclinical endometritis

metritis –> endometritis –> SCE

50
Q

What causes metritis?

A

a uterine infection from environmental bacteria

51
Q

What type of surface is excellent for cows that are calving?

A

sand!! VERY CLEAN SAND

52
Q

How do you treat metritis? How do you treat endometritis or SCE?

A

Metritis: antibiotics
Endometritis or SCE: NO treatments

53
Q

What is the difference between cyclic and anovular or anestrus cows?

A

cyclic –> the cow is cycling, going into estrus
anovular/anestrus –> not cycling

54
Q

What are the two rules for getting cows pregnant?

A

rule 1: put semen in the cow
rule 2: cow is not pregnant?.. refer to rule 1

55
Q

What are some methods of heat detection that could be used for postpartum cows?

A

Chalk or activity collar

56
Q

How can an activity or rumination collar be used for heat detection?

A

Activity increases when she is in heat

57
Q

What are timed AI (presynch ovsynch) programs?

A

give cows shots to line up ovulation

58
Q

What is early embryonic loss? What percentage of cows will have early embryonic loss?

A

expect 10% of pregnancies to be lost in the first 35-60 days

59
Q

When (approximate time relative to next calving) do you dry off a cow?

A

dry right before calving

60
Q

What are the three steps to dry off a cow?

A

-milk the cow
-“selective” dry cow treatment (antibiotics)
-Orbeseal (seal teat)

61
Q

What is “selective” dry cow therapy?

A

treat cows at dry off with an antibiotic

62
Q

How many lactations does a typical cow have before she is culled?

A

3

Biology of Animal Production 1 (16 decks)

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