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Biology of Animal Production 1 > Dairy Cow Week 2 Study Questions > Flashcards

Dairy Cow Week 2 Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Female Reproductive Tract

A

-vagina
-cervix
-uterine body
-oviduct
-ovary

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2
Q

Cervix

A

barrier between vagina and uterine body

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3
Q

Oviduct

A

Fallopian tube –> site of fertilization

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4
Q

Parts of the Ovary

A

follicle + corpus luteum (CL)

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5
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

-“crown” (top ball pf ovary)
produces the hormone progesterone

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6
Q

Follicle

A

-base of the CL
–>where the egg is
produces the hormone estradiol

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7
Q

Approximately how many primordial (resting) follicles are present at birth in the heifer?

A

100,000 eggs

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8
Q

Stages of follicular development

A

-primordial
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
-preovulatory

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9
Q

Primordial Follicles

A

A resting follicle

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10
Q

Primary Follicle

A

follicle activation

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11
Q

Secondary Follicle

A

follicle growth

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12
Q

Tertiary Follicle

A

Follicle growth
-recruitment
-selection
-dominance

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13
Q

Preovulatory Follicle

A

Ready to be ovulated

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14
Q

Would you expect all primordial follicles to begin development on the same day?

A

NO

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15
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

follicular death, fails to develop, prevents from ovulating

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16
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical produced by an endocrine gland that travels through blood and exerts an effect on target organ

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17
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secrete hormones

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18
Q

Target organs

A

have specific receptors
–> ex: progesterone – target organ is uterus

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19
Q

GnRH

A

Source: hypothalamus
Target: pituitary
Function: release LH/FSH

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20
Q

FSH

A

Source: pituitary
Target: follicle
Function: grow follicles

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21
Q

LH

A

Source: pituitary
Target: follicle/CL
Function: ovulation

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22
Q

Estradiol

A

Source: ovarian follicle
Target: hypothalamus, uterus
Function: bring cow into estrus, ovulation

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23
Q

Progesterone

A

Source: CL
Target: uterus
Function: quiet uterus, histotroph production

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24
Q

PGF 2a

A

Source: Uterus
Target: CL
Function: regress CL

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25
Define puberty in a heifer
first ovulation --> about 8 months of age
26
age of puberty: beef vs dairy heifer
dairy: 8 mo beef: 1 year
27
Why do dairy heifers ovulate earlier?
-- push feed on dairy heifers -- genetics are different in the heifers
28
Ovulation definition
process where the follicle releases an egg
29
Follicular waves: Recruitment
recruit a bunch of follicles
30
Follicular waves: Selection
Follicles compete for position
31
Follicular waves: Dominance
dominant follicle, one follicle becomes larger than the others
32
Ovulation in prepubertal heifers
go through follicular waves but don't ovulate --> uterus too small to ovulate
33
What hormone from the follicle must reach a threshold concentration to cause the LH surge and first ovulation (puberty)?
estradiol triggers LH surge which triggers ovulation
34
In addition to the presence of a CL, what overt (external behavior sign) would indicate that a heifer has reached puberty and is cycling?
mounting
35
What % of a group of heifers should be in heat (estrus) on one day if the entire group of heifers has reached puberty and is cycling?
about 5% of heifer in heat on any one day
36
What are the signs of estrus (or heat) in the cow or heifer?
-Mount other cows -Restless (walking around more than normal) -Mucous secretion from vagina
37
What hormone from the ovary causes estrus and also causes the GnRH release from the hypothalamus that leads to the LH surge?
estradiol
38
If the heifer is in heat today, when will she ovulate?
estrus is day 0, ovulation is day 1
38
What do we mean by a “walk and chalk” system for heat detection and AI?
spray paint on the backs to mark mounting
39
What is an electronic method of heat detection?
Activity System, increased activity means in heat
40
What are some reasons that a heifer may not show heat?
-pregnant -not well grown -freemartain
41
What is a freemartin and why are freemartins undesirable?
If you have twins: one male + one female = female is sterile --> can't have babies and lactate
42
Approximately how long is the estrous cycle of the cow or heifer?
21 days
42
Approximately how long is the estrous cycle of the cow or heifer?
21 days
43
What is happens to the CL if the animal is pregnant?
CL is maintained
44
What hormone cause the CL to regress if the animal is not pregnant?
PGF 2a
45
How do you define puberty in bulls and at what age does it occur?
capacity to get a cow pregnant --> about 1 year of age
45
How do you define puberty in bulls and at what age does it occur?
capacity to get a cow pregnant --> about 1 year of age
46
How many sperm cells does a bull produce each second?
10,000 sperm cells
47
Why use frozen semen?
-genetic improvement -reduce injury from mounting -greater safety for workers
48
Approximately how many straws of semen can be produced from a single bull ejaculate?
250 to 500 straws of frozen semen per ejaculate
49
Approximately how many times a week can you collect a bull?
2 to 3 times
50
How many daughters did Toy Story have?
500,000 daughters
51
What is a “bull stud”?
a farm of bulls
52
What two things can be sampled from a cow or heifer to isolate DNA for genomic testing?
-hair -blood
53
What two things can be sampled from a cow or heifer to isolate DNA for genomic testing?
-hair -blood
54
What are genetic markers and SNP?
genetic marker: a DNA sequence that can be used to assess phenotypic variability ---> SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) is a type of genetic marker, which is a variation at a single position in a DNA sequence
55
How many SNP are used in a typical genomic chip test?
50,000
56
Genomic Sires
semen from a young bull whose worth is based only on a DNA test
57
How can you create a genomic sire in 2 years by using a series of advanced embryo technologies and genomics?
mate a genetically tested cow to a genetically tested sire to create the best combination of genes
58
Genetic Testing (male vs female)
-female: 88% -male: 12%

Biology of Animal Production 1 (16 decks)

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