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Biology of Animal Production 1 > Dairy Cow Week 2 Study Questions > Flashcards

Dairy Cow Week 2 Study Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Female Reproductive Tract

A

-vagina
-cervix
-uterine body
-oviduct
-ovary

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2
Q

Cervix

A

barrier between vagina and uterine body

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3
Q

Oviduct

A

Fallopian tube –> site of fertilization

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4
Q

Parts of the Ovary

A

follicle + corpus luteum (CL)

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5
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

-“crown” (top ball pf ovary)
produces the hormone progesterone

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6
Q

Follicle

A

-base of the CL
–>where the egg is
produces the hormone estradiol

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7
Q

Approximately how many primordial (resting) follicles are present at birth in the heifer?

A

100,000 eggs

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8
Q

Stages of follicular development

A

-primordial
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
-preovulatory

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9
Q

Primordial Follicles

A

A resting follicle

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10
Q

Primary Follicle

A

follicle activation

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11
Q

Secondary Follicle

A

follicle growth

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12
Q

Tertiary Follicle

A

Follicle growth
-recruitment
-selection
-dominance

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13
Q

Preovulatory Follicle

A

Ready to be ovulated

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14
Q

Would you expect all primordial follicles to begin development on the same day?

A

NO

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15
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

follicular death, fails to develop, prevents from ovulating

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16
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical produced by an endocrine gland that travels through blood and exerts an effect on target organ

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17
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secrete hormones

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18
Q

Target organs

A

have specific receptors
–> ex: progesterone – target organ is uterus

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19
Q

GnRH

A

Source: hypothalamus
Target: pituitary
Function: release LH/FSH

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20
Q

FSH

A

Source: pituitary
Target: follicle
Function: grow follicles

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21
Q

LH

A

Source: pituitary
Target: follicle/CL
Function: ovulation

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22
Q

Estradiol

A

Source: ovarian follicle
Target: hypothalamus, uterus
Function: bring cow into estrus, ovulation

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23
Q

Progesterone

A

Source: CL
Target: uterus
Function: quiet uterus, histotroph production

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24
Q

PGF 2a

A

Source: Uterus
Target: CL
Function: regress CL

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25
Q

Define puberty in a heifer

A

first ovulation
–> about 8 months of age

26
Q

age of puberty: beef vs dairy heifer

A

dairy: 8 mo
beef: 1 year

27
Q

Why do dairy heifers ovulate earlier?

A

– push feed on dairy heifers
– genetics are different in the heifers

28
Q

Ovulation definition

A

process where the follicle releases an egg

29
Q

Follicular waves: Recruitment

A

recruit a bunch of follicles

30
Q

Follicular waves: Selection

A

Follicles compete for position

31
Q

Follicular waves: Dominance

A

dominant follicle, one follicle becomes larger than the others

32
Q

Ovulation in prepubertal heifers

A

go through follicular waves but don’t ovulate
–> uterus too small to ovulate

33
Q

What hormone from the follicle must reach a threshold concentration to cause the LH surge and first
ovulation (puberty)?

A

estradiol triggers LH surge which triggers ovulation

34
Q

In addition to the presence of a CL, what overt (external behavior sign) would indicate that a heifer has
reached puberty and is cycling?

A

mounting

35
Q

What % of a group of heifers should be in heat (estrus) on one day if the entire group of heifers has
reached puberty and is cycling?

A

about 5% of heifer in heat on any one day

36
Q

What are the signs of estrus (or heat) in the cow or heifer?

A

-Mount other cows
-Restless (walking around more than normal)
-Mucous secretion from vagina

37
Q

What hormone from the ovary causes estrus and also causes the GnRH release from the hypothalamus
that leads to the LH surge?

A

estradiol

38
Q

If the heifer is in heat today, when will she ovulate?

A

estrus is day 0, ovulation is day 1

38
Q

What do we mean by a “walk and chalk” system for heat detection and AI?

A

spray paint on the backs to mark mounting

39
Q

What is an electronic method of heat detection?

A

Activity System, increased activity means in heat

40
Q

What are some reasons that a heifer may not show heat?

A

-pregnant
-not well grown
-freemartain

41
Q

What is a freemartin and why are freemartins undesirable?

A

If you have twins: one male + one female = female is sterile
–> can’t have babies and lactate

42
Q

Approximately how long is the estrous cycle of the cow or heifer?

A

21 days

42
Q

Approximately how long is the estrous cycle of the cow or heifer?

A

21 days

43
Q

What is happens to the CL if the animal is pregnant?

A

CL is maintained

44
Q

What hormone cause the CL to regress if the animal is not pregnant?

A

PGF 2a

45
Q

How do you define puberty in bulls and at what age does it occur?

A

capacity to get a cow pregnant
–> about 1 year of age

45
Q

How do you define puberty in bulls and at what age does it occur?

A

capacity to get a cow pregnant
–> about 1 year of age

46
Q

How many sperm cells does a bull produce each second?

A

10,000 sperm cells

47
Q

Why use frozen semen?

A

-genetic improvement
-reduce injury from mounting
-greater safety for workers

48
Q

Approximately how many straws of semen can be produced from a single bull ejaculate?

A

250 to 500 straws of frozen semen per ejaculate

49
Q

Approximately how many times a week can you collect a bull?

A

2 to 3 times

50
Q

How many daughters did Toy Story have?

A

500,000 daughters

51
Q

What is a “bull stud”?

A

a farm of bulls

52
Q

What two things can be sampled from a cow or heifer to isolate DNA for genomic testing?

A

-hair
-blood

53
Q

What two things can be sampled from a cow or heifer to isolate DNA for genomic testing?

A

-hair
-blood

54
Q

What are genetic markers and SNP?

A

genetic marker: a DNA sequence that can be used to assess phenotypic variability
—> SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) is a type of genetic marker, which is a variation at a single position in a DNA sequence

55
Q

How many SNP are used in a typical genomic chip test?

A

50,000

56
Q

Genomic Sires

A

semen from a young bull whose worth is based only on a DNA test

57
Q

How can you create a genomic sire in 2 years by using a series of advanced embryo technologies and
genomics?

A

mate a genetically tested cow to a genetically tested sire to create the best combination of genes

58
Q

Genetic Testing (male vs female)

A

-female: 88%
-male: 12%

Biology of Animal Production 1 (16 decks)

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