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Nutrition > Ruminant Nutrition > Flashcards

Ruminant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number one goal of ruminant nutrition?
Hint: pH

A

Keep rumen pH at 6.0 (just a little bit acidic)
-BUT- McCurnin’s says 6.2-7.2 pH

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2
Q

____minutes of cud chewing per pound of feed to result in ____ gallons of saliva per day to buffer rumen ____.

A
  1. 15 minutes
  2. 20 gallons
  3. Buffer rumen pH
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3
Q

How many pounds of fiber should be fed? What length should they be cut at inches?

A
  1. 5 pounds
  2. 1.5 inches long
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4
Q

No more than ____ pounds of grain per day should be fed to maintain rumen pH

A

7 pounds

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of a ruminant GI tract.
List the order of which food will travel (4)

A
  1. Multi-chambered forestomach.
  2. Order:
    a. Rumen
    b. Reticulum
    c. Omasum
    d. Abomasum (true stomach)
    Then: Small intestine, Cecum, & Large intestine/colon
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6
Q

List three important components to know about a rumen’s multi-chambered forestomach

A
  1. It is essentially a fermentation vat
  2. Microorganisms extract nutrients from high fiber roughage (cellulose & hemicellulose)
  3. Fermentation is more complete than hindgut fermentation
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7
Q

What are the five nutrient requirements for ruminants?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Protein
  3. Minerals
  4. Vitamins
  5. FIBER!! Quantity, quality, and type are important because this is the substrate of most fermentation
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8
Q

What are two things that can happen if a rumen isn’t given enough fiber?

Remember: Pelleted roughage is not a substitute!

A
  1. Poor coat quality
  2. Decreased milk production
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9
Q

T/F: A rumens diet should be 50%, or greater, of fiber content. Especially for adults!

A

True! Rumination requires the presence of fiber

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10
Q

Feeding cows: General guidelines
1. Forage fed what % body weight/day?
2. More than what % of fat in their diet?
3. Ca:P ratio
4. Too much ___ can lead to Ca utilization problems.

A
  1. Forage fed 2% of cow body weight per day.
    a. Av 1200lbs, so a cow would eat 24lbs of hay/day.
  2. No more than 7.5% fat in their diet
  3. Ca:P ratio 2:1 (or 80g)
  4. Too much Potassium (K) can lead to Ca utilization problems
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11
Q

T/F: Calves should only be fed mothers milk until they are 7-8 months old

A

False! On top of mothers milk, they should also be fed:
1. Forage
2. Water
3. Creep feed IF pasture quality is poor

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12
Q

Imperative calves receive ____ during the first 3 days of life!!

A

Colostrum

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13
Q

Ketosis occurs when…

A

…Cattle aren’t eating enough calories

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14
Q

Ketosis symptoms (3)

A
  1. Gastrointestinal
    a. Anorexia
    b. Increased rumen motility
  2. Neurological
    a. Depressed
    b. Behavior change
    c. Ataxia
  3. Death
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15
Q

Ketosis occurs when cattle are deficient in calories. What happens to a cow that has this?

A

Starvation! A negative feedback loop will occur.

  • Massive fat mobilization
  • Liver will become overwhelmed
  • Ketone (the source of emergency energy) body formation
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16
Q

Ketosis is more likely to happen in cattle who…

A
  1. Obese
  2. High parasite load
  3. Confined due to lack of exercise
  4. Post partum or lactation
  5. Certain breeds
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17
Q

In cows: Hypocalcemia (Milk fever) clinic symptoms (4)

A
  1. Depressed
  2. Muscle weakness
  3. Collapse
  4. Death
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18
Q

In cows: Hypocalcemia occurs commonly in what breed of diary cow?

A

It more common in jersey than holstein

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19
Q

T/F: Hypocalcemia (in cows) occurs commonly in late lactation/postpartum or in obese cattle

A

True! 90% likely to happen within 72hrs of postpartum.
Obese cattle with BCS greater than 4/5

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20
Q

Hypomagnesemia or Grass Tetany occurs…
1. Species
2. Lifestage
3. Time of the year
4. On what diet

A
  1. Beef, dairy, sheep, goats
  2. Older ruminants
  3. Spring time
  4. Lush, fast growing pasture
    a. Cereal crop- pasture/feed
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21
Q

Name five clinic signs of grass tetany

A
  1. Down
  2. Twitching
  3. Hyper-aesthesia
  4. “Neurotic”
  5. Paralysis
22
Q

What IS hypomagnesemia/grass tetany?

A

When the diet contains magnesium but the body is not properly extracting it.
This can be because the diet contains high level of K or Na.
High Na: increases Mg excretion
High K: reduces Mg availability

23
Q

Ram and Billy means…

A

Breeding males
Ram: Sheep
Billy: Goats

24
Q

Ewe and Doe means…

A

Breeding female
Ewe: Sheep
Doe: Goat

25
Q

Lamb and Kid mean…

A

Neonate
Kid: Goat
Lamb: Sheep. In meat production they are lamb until they are 1yr+ but not vet med

26
Q

Weanling means…

A

A sheep that has been weaned.
1. Lamb 2. Weanling 3. Yearling

27
Q

Yearling means…

A

A sheep who is 1yr or older
1. Lamb 2. Weanling 3. Yearling

28
Q

Lamb/Kids require ___% of body weight in ___ within ___ hours of birth.

A
  1. 10-20%
  2. Colostrum
  3. 12hrs
29
Q

How much milk should lambs and kids consume per day?

A

10-20% of their body weight should be consumed in milk each day.
Ex: 20lbs lamb needs 1/4-1/2 gallon of milk between 4-6 feeding per day

30
Q

Creep feeding is…

A

For neonates who are not yet weaned. It’s like the transition from milk to solid food!

31
Q

T/F: Creep feeding should be started by 3-4 months of age and consume 10% of their body weight per day

A

False! They should start by 3-4 WEEKS and consume 0.5LBS daily until weaning

32
Q

What is the BCS breeding males should have before the breeding season begins?

A

BCS of 3-4/9, they will lose weight during breeding season!

33
Q

T/F: Breeding adult males should be fed 1-2lbs of energy and protein concentrate year round.

A

False! This should only be done 4-6 weeks before the breeding season. Maintenance feed the rest of the year.

34
Q

What is “flushing” in breeding females?

A

Flushing is an increase of nutrition before and during early breeding that will increase the ovulation rate

35
Q

Lush pasture or supplement with 0.33-1lbs of 10-20% ____ grain/head/day should be provided to breeding females

A

Crude protein

36
Q

70% of growth of the fetus occurs in the last 6 weeks of gestation. In late gestation for breeding females, what will the nutritional needs look like?

A
  1. BCs of 2.5-3 should be maintained
  2. Substance, nutrition, and adequate energy needs will increase
    a. Ewes: 2.2lbs daily in final 4w
    b. Does: 1-2lbs daily in final 4-6w
37
Q

Lactation in females peaks then decreases when?

A

Peaks at 2-3w post birth and decreases RAPIDLY 8-10w after birth.

38
Q

Hypocalcemia in diary goats:
Signs (5)

A
  1. Stiff gait
  2. tremors
  3. Tetany
  4. Constipation
  5. Decreased rumen contractions
39
Q

Hypocalcemia in goats: How and why does it affect Ewes?

A

Ewes are susceptible in late gestation and early lactation.
Deficiency of Ca and Ph 3-4 prior to birth and first few post birth can lead to this as this is a time with a higher demand for Ca

40
Q

Hypocalcemia diagnosis

A

History & signalment or Serum Ca < 4-5mg/dl

41
Q

Copper toxicosis (common in sheep) results from chronic…

A

…Chronic accumulation of excess copper in the liver from their diet.
This is in relation to molybdenum or sulfate.

42
Q

Clinical signs of copper toxicosis will show when it has reached a severe stage. Those signs are:

A
  1. Acute disease
  2. Off feed
  3. Lethargy
  4. Depression
  5. Diarrhea
  6. Weakness
  7. Hemolysis, jaundice, & port-wine colored urine
43
Q

White Muscle disease commonly occurs in young growing animals.
This is caused by a deficiency of ___
And affects ____ and ___

A
  1. Se &/or vita E
  2. Skeletal & heart muscle
44
Q

Clinical signs of white muscle disease:
Remember, this is a nutritional disease that causes muscular dystrophy

A
  1. Heart form:
    Down, respiratory, distress, & death
  2. Muscle form: Most common
    Stiff gait, tremors, firm muscles, painful asf
45
Q

Grain overload’s 6 step downward spiral BAHAHAHHHHHH

A
  1. Fermentation of carbs
  2. Decrease in rumen pH
  3. Lactic acidosis
  4. Death of ruminal protozoa
  5. Fluid from circulatory system drawn into the rumen
  6. Dehydration and shock
46
Q

Grain overload clinical symptoms (3)

A
  1. Anorexia, depression
  2. Severe dehydration, toxemia
  3. Colic, distended abdomen, diarrhea
47
Q

Grain overload diagnosis

A
  1. Rumen pH <5.5
  2. Few protozoa
  3. Large G+ rods
48
Q

Frothy bloat
1. Ability to treat
2. Diet
3. Imagery

A
  1. Very difficult to treat
  2. Occurs on a diet with eating rich and lush cereal grain pasture
  3. Dish soap bubbles in the rumen
49
Q

Free gas bloat
1. Ability to treat
2. Diet
3. Imagery

A
  1. Easier than frothy!
  2. Occurs when high grain diets are given to animals not used to them, making them gassy
  3. Large free gas pocket
50
Q

T/F: Free gas and frothy bloat are both emergencies

A

TRUE TRUE TRUE
They may die within hours of this!!!

Nutrition (11 decks)

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