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Nutrition > Amino acids, carbs, fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals > Flashcards

Amino acids, carbs, fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals Flashcards

Essentials in vet med for cats and dogs

1
Q

What is a starch?

A

A complex carbohydrate that is DIGESTED by the animals endogenous digestive enzymes

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2
Q

What is a fiber?

A

A complex carbohydrate that is resistant to enzymatic digestion and thus are FERMENTED by intestinal microbes

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3
Q

Name three nutrients for colon health

A
  1. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
  2. Mucilage
  3. Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS)
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4
Q

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) what makes them beneficial to colon health? (3)

A

Fermentable (soluble) fiber

  1. Fermented by bacteria in colon of monogastrics
  2. Produce VFA’s
    a. direct nutrient for cells of colon
  3. Acidifies colon contents
    a. promotes beneficial bacteria “Bifidus & Lactobacillus”
    b. inhibits pathogenic bacteria
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5
Q

T/F: Mucilage is a soluble fiber from psyllium grain and holds a lot of water

A

True! It lubricates the colon (constipation) and normalizes transit time (diarrhea)

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6
Q

T/F: Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) allow pathogens to adhere to intestinal walls thus not improving the immune function of the GALT

A

False! It PREVENTS pathogens from adhering to intestinal walls and IMPROVES the immune function of the GALT.

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7
Q

T/F: Mannanoligosaccharides is a non-digestible (insoluble) fiber derived from the cell walls of yeast

A

True!
MOS = Mannanoligosaccharides

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8
Q

What are two ways to get Linoleic acid from food? (essential FA)

A

Vegetable oil and chicken!

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9
Q

Excess omega 6 may aggravate _____ or ____

A

Inflammation or allergies

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10
Q

Linoleic is an omega ____ fatty acid and is required for _____ synthesis

A
  1. Omega 6
  2. Prostaglandin synthesis
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11
Q

An omega 6 fatty acid, Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), can ___ lean body mass and ____ body fat

A
  1. Increase lean body mass
  2. Decreases body fat
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12
Q

T/F: Linolenic acid is an omega 6 acid that is an anti-inflammatory

A

False! Trick question, it is an omega 3 acid!!

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13
Q

Linolenic acid can ____ both oxygenation and learning in puppies

A

Increase

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14
Q

T/F: Eicosapentoenoic (EPA) is an omega 3 acid that decreases tumor formations

A

True!

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15
Q

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased ___ in fetal development and ___ in young.
Where can it be sourced from?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Learning
  3. It can be sourced from fish oil (esp salmon), algea, soy oil, & rapeseed
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16
Q

Amino acids: Carnitine
1. Essential status
2. Function

A
  1. Non-essential amino acid
  2. Moves fat into mitochondria for energy production
    - Increased weight loss in obese animals
    - Therapy for certain inherited disorders of dysfunction of carnitine metabolism causing heart failure
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17
Q

Amino acids: Glutamine
1. Essential status
2. Function (3)

A
  1. Conditionally essential amino acid
  2. Function:
    a. Important in metabolism of rapidly regenerating cells (DNA synthesis).
    b. Maintains integrity of GI mucosa
    c. Detoxification by the liver
18
Q

Amino acids: Taurine
1. Essential status
2. Function (3)

A
  1. Essential to cats
  2. Function:
    a. Important in Ca^2+ movement in heart cells
    b. Synthesis of bile salts
    c. Antioxidant
19
Q

T/F: L-Carnitine is the only active form carnitine

A

True

20
Q

T/F: Glutamine should not be given to animals receiving chemo treatment

A

False! This is a good supplement for animals undergoing chemo

21
Q

T/F: Insufficiency of taurine in cats leads to heart disease, retinal degeneration, & infertility

A

True! This is a very important amino acid for cats

22
Q

T/F: Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential to the health of an animal

A

True!!

23
Q

Do minerals provide energy? What is the importance of them?

A

Although they do NOT provide energy, minerals are important as components of PROTEINS or CHEMICAL reactions

24
Q
  1. Macrominerals are measured in _____ of diet.
  2. List the macrominerals (6)
A
  1. Measured in percent of the diet
  2. Macrominerals
    a. Salt (NaCl)
    b. Potassium (K)
    c. Phosphorous (P)
    d. Magnesium (Mg)
    e. Calcium (Ca)
    f. Sulfur (S)
25
Q
  1. Microminerals, trace elements, are measured in ___.
  2. List them (8)
A
  1. Part per million (ppm)
  2. Microminerals
    a. Iron (Fe)
    b. Zinc (Zn)
    c. Copper (Cu)
    d. Boron (B)
    e. Manganese (Mn)
    f. Selenium (S)
    g. Iodine (I)
    h. Chromium (Cr)
26
Q

Potassium (K+)
1. ___ & ___function
2. ___ balance
3. ___ metabolism
4. Therapy for preventing ____

A
  1. Cardiac & nerve function
  2. Osmotic balance
  3. Energy metabolism
  4. Therapy for preventing CaOx uroliths
27
Q

Where can potassium be source from? (4)

A

Unprocessed vegetables, fruits, meats, and mineral salts

28
Q

Are vitamins essential? Organic or not?

A

Vitamins are organic substances that are essential to nutrition

29
Q

T/F: Vitamins do not provide energy or act as building blocks but assist in body tissue construction

A

True!

30
Q

Vitamins act as ____ in cell metabolism

A

Coenzymes (assist chemical reactions)

31
Q

T/F: Fat soluble vitamins have a risk of toxicity if given in excess

A

True! This means too much of vitamins A, D, E, or K

32
Q

Fat soluble: Vitamin A
Function
Essential

A
  1. Function
    a. Visual proteins
    b. Epithelial cell differentiation
    c. Synthesis of hormones & proteins
  2. Essential to cats and dogs
33
Q

Fat soluble: Vitamin D
Function
Essential

A
  1. Function
    a. Ca/P mineral balance
    b. Bone mineralization & resorption
  2. Essentialness is variable (synthesized if UV light is adequate for cholesterol)
34
Q

Vitamin D toxicity in cats and dogs

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism
a. Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL)
b. Osteochondrosis in puppies

35
Q

Fat soluble: Vitamin E
Function (3)
Essential

A
  1. Function
    a. Biological antioxidant
    b. Membrane integrity
    c. Works w/selenium
  2. Essential in cats and dogs
36
Q

T/F: Vitamin E toxicity levels are high and it can be sourced from vegetable oils

A

True

37
Q

Fat soluble: Vitamin K
Function
Essential

A
  1. Function:
    a. Blood clotting for 4 of the blood clotting factors
    b. Bone development
  2. Essential in cats conditionally
38
Q

Water soluble: Vitamin B group
Function
Toxicity
Sourced from

A
  1. Function: (8 Vita B’s)
    a. Coenzymes of cell metabolism
  2. Low toxicity
  3. Sourced from yeast (except B12 from meat)
39
Q

Water soluble: Vitamin C
Function
Essential
Toxicity

A
  1. Function
    a. Antioxidant
    b. Collagen proteins
  2. Non-essential in cats and dogs
  3. Low toxicity
40
Q

T/F: Antioxidants fight damage to cell membrane & nucleus due to damage by oxygen free radicals and oxidative damage

A

True!
- Oxygen free radicals (O-) are a side effect of oxygen metabolism
- Oxidative damage is caused by aging, pollution, cancer, inflammation, radiation, & sunlight

Nutrition (11 decks)

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