Nutrients & Metabolism Flashcards
What are the six categories of nutrients?
- Water
- Carbs
- Lipids/fats
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
BONUS: Oxygen!
Carbs, fats, & proteins are all ____ producing nutrients
Energy producing
Water, vitamins, & minerals are ____ producing nutrients
Hint: More so “lack of” producing
Non-energy producing
What is an essential nutrient? Define it.
Ones that an animal cannot manufacture; or cannot make fast enough to meet the body’s needs. These must be in their diet!
What are the three categories of carbs?
- Sugars: monosaccharides & disaccharides that come from fruits, sugar cane, honey, milk, & sugar beets.
- Starches: polysaccharides that come from grains, root veg, & legumes.
- Cellulose: polysaccharides that are found in most veg (these are more diff to break down).
What are the three categories of lipids (fats)?
- Neutral fats
- Phospholipids - all cell memb made of this
- Steroids
And other lipid substances
Neutral Fats:
1. Potenial energy
2. Essential
3. Liver’s function
- Contain over twice as much potential energy by weight as protein or carbs
- This is an essential fatty acid; it cannot be made in the animals body
- Liver can convert one fatty acid to another
T/F: Dogs & cats both require Linoleic (omega 6), Linolenic (omega 3), and Arachidonic acids
False! Dogs & cats only require linoleic and linolenic acids. Cats require the additional arachidonic acids but dogs do not.
What are unsaturated fats?
- One or more double bonds between the carbon atoms; not a full complement of hydrogen atoms.
- These are monounsaturated & polyunsaturated
What are TRIglycerides?
Three chains of fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule of glycerol*
*This is also known as the glycerol back bone
What are saturated fats?
Fatty acids with single bonds between carbon atoms; full complement of hydrogen atoms
T/F: Neutral fats are stored as SQ fat and is an important insulator
True
T/F: Neutral fats are not used as cushions around vital organs like the heart, kidneys, and eyes
False! They do help cushion these organs!
Neutral acids absorb the fat soluble vitamins _____ (4)
A, D, E, & K
Steroids
1. Composed of:
2. Include __(4)___ from the cortex of the adrenal gland
- Of four flat interlocking rings of hydrocarbons
- Cholestrol, bile salts, sex hormones, & hormones released from the cortex of the adrenal gland
What is a phospholipid? Structure?
What it is:
- Modified triglycerides derived primarily from cell membranes of plant & animal cells.
Structure:
- Glycerol core & two fatty acid chains
- Phosphorous group attached to the glycerol molecule “Polar Head”
Describe the structure of a protein (3)
Composed of amino acids:
1. Amine group (-NH2)
2. Organic acid group (-COOH)
3. “R” group - variable
What are the functions of a protein? (4)
- Primary structural material of the animal body.
- Regulate body functions - enzymes & hormones.
- Transport O2 - hemoglobin.
- Aid in body movement - contractile proteins in muscle cells.
Polypeptide is composed of:
More than ten amino acids bonded together
Protein is composed of ____ amino acids
- 50 or more amino acids.
- They CAN be 10,000 amino acids.
List the 2 water-soluble vitamins
- Vitamin B
Vit B1 - Thiamine
Vit B2 - Riboflavin
Vit B3 - Niacin or Nicotinamide
Vit B5 - Pantothenic acid
Vit B9 - Folacin or Folic acid
Vit B12 - Cyanocobalamin - Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid
Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed where?
In the Kidneys. Excess is excreted in the urine.
Fat-soluble vitamins bind to ___ before they are absorbed with ingesta. They can be stored for ___ periods of time in the ____.
- Lipids
- Long periods of time
- in the tissues
List the four fat-soluble vitamins
Vit A - Retinol
Vit D - Antirachitic factor or Calciferol
Vit E - Antisterility factor or Tocopherols
Vit K - Coagulation factor or Quinones
T/F: Minerals are inorganic substances that are not energy-producing
True!
Macromineral, trace elements, or microminerals:
Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, & sodium
Macrominerals
Macrominerals, trace elements, or microminerals:
Copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, & zinc
Microminerals
Macrominerals, trace elements, or microminerals:
Chromium, cobalt, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, sulphur, & vanadium
Trace elements
List the three stages of catabolism
- Digestion in the lumen of the GI tract
- Anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm of cells
- Aerobic respiration in mitochondria of cells
What is anabolism?
Use of stored energy to assemble new molecules from the small components that are produced from catabolism
What is catabolism?
Involves the breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy
What is nitrogen balance?
- Amino acids not used to make protein are used by the cell to make energy or converted to carbs or fats
Or
- Excess of amino acids are used to make energy or converted into carbs/fats.
T/F: Positive nitrogen balance is the body incorporating more protein into tissues than it is using to make energy (ATP)
True!
T/F: Negative nitrogen balance occurs when protein breakdown lacks the needed amount of protein being incorporated into tissues
False! This occurs when the protein breakdown EXCEEDS the amount needed
Describe what happens on stage one of starvation (3)
This occurs in the first few days:
1. Lowered basal metabolic rate
2. Utilization of glycogen to support glucose-requiring tissues (RBCs, kidneys, nervous system)
3. Fatty acid stores are converted into glucose (ketone bodies are by-products)
Describe stage two of starvation (2)
Begins after 1-2 weeks:
1. Body fat stores depleted (ketone bodies utilized for energy)
2. Normal body function maintained
Describe stage three of starvation (2)
Begins when body fat is depleted:
1. Body protein catabolized for fuel (liver, blood, muscle)
2. Body function fails (blood, immune system, digestion, respiration, heart)
!IMPORTANT!
Why do animals need to breathe? Why do they need oxygen?
Aerobic respiration!
Every cell in the body requires oxygen to turn glucose into ATP to exhale waste product
(waste product: CO2, other toxins)
Where are water soluble vitamins removed in the body?
a. Kidneys
b. Colon
c. Liver
Water soluble vitamins are removed in the Kidneys!
Which of the following is a function of a protein?
a. Carries oxygen (hemoglobin)
b. Provides contractility in muscle cells
c. Enzymatic activity
d. All choices are possible functions of protein
All choices are correct!
From which substance can all steroids be made?
a. Cholesterol
b. Estrogen
c. Testosterone
Cholesterol
T/F: During anabolism, cells use ATP to manufacture substances and perform vital functions.
True
T/F: An important product of aerobic respiration of the cell is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
True
T/F: Negative nitrogen balance occurs when protein breakdown in the body fails to meet the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues.
False! It occurs when protein has EXCEEDED the amount of protein being incorporated
T/F: The essential fatty acids include linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid (cat).
True
Which statement is true regarding carbohydrates?
a. Glucose that is not immediately used can be converted to glycogen and stored
b. Glucose is not required by the cells of carnivores for energy
c. Blood glucose regulation hormones are produced in the liver
Glucose that is not immediately used can be converted to glycogen and stored
