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ANS 319 > Ruminant Digestion > Flashcards

Ruminant Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, Abomasum

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2
Q

Where does digestion occur in the ruminant large intestine?

A

Colon

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3
Q

What is the percent of total tract capacity of ruminants that is Fermentative?

A

83%

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4
Q

What are the three herbivore classes?

A

Concentrate selectors, intermediate feeders, roughage grazers

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5
Q

What are some advantages to ruminants?

A

Eat cellulose, detox plan substances, relieves of needing an external source of vitamin b

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6
Q

What is saliva rich in?

A

Sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and phosphate

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7
Q

What two components of saliva act as buffers in The rumen?

A

Phosphate and bicarbonate

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8
Q

What is the enzyme in saliva that begins starch breakdown but is not present in ruminants?

A

Salivary amylase

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9
Q

What enzyme is secreted by ruminant salivary glands?

A

Salivary lipase

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10
Q

What is the name of the post prandial regurgitaron reflex of partially digested feed?

A

Rumination

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11
Q

What can rumination do?

A

Allows physical breakdown, increases surface area, lowers ph

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12
Q

What is The intermediate of the rumination process?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

What is the removal of fermentation gases known as? Which gases?

A

Eractation removes CH4 and CO2

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14
Q

What does reticulo-rumen distention stimulate?

A

Eructation

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15
Q

What is the percentage of total tract capacity that is fermentative in ruminants?

A

83%

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16
Q

The rumen is a big fermentation vat and storage filled with papillae. What are some things that happen and in what environment?

A

Physical mixing, VFA absorption and in an obligate anaerobic environment

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17
Q

Metabolism of the rumen is through?

A

Microbial fermentation

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18
Q

What is the center intermediate for microbial fermentation?

A

Glucose

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19
Q

What enzyme digests starch?

A

Amylase

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20
Q

Do ruminants have salivary amylase?

A

No

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21
Q

What is the reticulum involved in?

A

Mixing and regurgitating, food bolus, collection of hardware

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22
Q

Are there enzymes present in the reticulum?

A

Not from the host, but there are from the microbes

23
Q

The reticulum is characterized by what type of structure?

A

Honeycomb

24
Q

The omasum is characterized by what type of structure?

A

Muscular folds

25
Q

What happens in the omasum?

A

H20 and VFA absorption

26
Q

Why should VFA absorption occur in the omasum?

A

So they don’t buffer the abomasum’s ph

27
Q

Which of the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach is the true stomach?

A

Abomasum

28
Q

What does the abomasum secrete?

A

Proteolytic enzymes, HCl,
Pepsinogen, and rennin

29
Q

What happens to pH in the abomasum?

A

Decreases because of protein denaturing

30
Q

What happens to digestion if passing rate increases?

A

Digestion decreases

31
Q

What factors affect digestibility?

A

Plant maturity, type of microbes, feed processing

32
Q

The speed of undigested feed residue through the digestive tract is called?

A

Passage rate

33
Q

What does the passage rate depend on?

A

Particle size and density

34
Q

If feed intake increases, what happens to rate?

A

Increases as well

35
Q

What processes are always competing?

A

Digestion and passage rate

36
Q

What aspect of the rumen actually goes through with digestion of feedstuff?

A

Rumen microbes

37
Q

What type of fermentation mostly occurs in the rumen?

A

Anaerobic

38
Q

How many ATP molecules does glucose approximately have?

A

35-36

39
Q

How much ATP does the host actually get from glucose?

A

Approx. 31

40
Q

As the microbes use around 2-5 ATP molecules, what molecule they turn glucose into before they go into the VFAs?

A

Pyruvate

41
Q

What does pyruvate get converted into?

A

VFAs: acetic, propionic, butyric acid

CO2, CH4, H2O and heat

42
Q

What type of microbes can we find in the rumen?

A

Cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic

43
Q

What type of acid do cellulolytic bacteria produce?

A

Acetic acid

44
Q

Propionic acid is the result of fermentation from what type of bacteria?

A

Amylolytic bacteria

45
Q

What other organism apart from bacteria is a key component in the rumen since if animals are deprived of them they don’t do well?

A

Protozoa

46
Q

What organisms digest fiber in the rumen?

A

Fungi

47
Q

What’s the end product of microbial fermentation of protein?

A

NH3

48
Q

What is the nitrogen source for cellulolytic bacteria used to growth and regeneration?

A

NH3

49
Q

What do ruminant hosts provide the microbes?

A

Heat, nutrition, buffered environment, waste removal

50
Q

What do microbes provide to the host?

A

Cellulose and hemicellulose digestion and VFA production

51
Q

Cellulases come from what to provide High quality protein, detox, and a source of b and C vitamins?

A

Microbes

52
Q

An increase in microbe efficiency can do what?

A

Increase amount of microbial protein available to host and reduce feed costs

53
Q

Ideal rumen fermentation means that…

A

There is rapid fiber digestion, optimal VFA ratio, and efficient microbes that grow rapidly and don’t accumulate NH3 too much

ANS 319 (11 decks)

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