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ANS 319 > CHO: Monogastric Digestion And Absorption > Flashcards

CHO: Monogastric Digestion And Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are divided into?

A

Simple and complex

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2
Q

Carbohydrates= ?

A

Sugars

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3
Q

Simple carbohydrates are?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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4
Q

Complex carbohydrates are?

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

Starch, fiber, and glycogen fall into what carbohydrate category?

A

Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Disaccharides include?

A

Maltose, lactose, and sucrose

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7
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are?

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

How many carbons in glucose?

A

6

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9
Q

Are carbohydrates the most abundant class of molecules?

A

yes

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10
Q

Why do sugars accumulate?

A

Photosynthesis

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11
Q

Are sugars essential or non-essential molecules?

A

Non-essential

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12
Q

What is the process of forming carbohydrates called, in the body?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

Carbohydrates are classified based on what?

A

Number of sugar molecules

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14
Q

Monosaccharides can be…

A

Pentoses (ribose) and hexoses (glucose, fructose, galactose)

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15
Q

2 linked sugar units are called?

A

Disaccharides

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16
Q

What bonds connect disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic- can be alpha (up) or beta(down) and 1-2, 1-4, or 1-6

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17
Q

Glucose + fructose?

A

Sucrose

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18
Q

Lactose is what two sugars?

A

Glucose and galactose

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19
Q

two glucose molecules form what disaccharide?

A

Maltose

20
Q

Complex carbohydrates are divided into what 3 categories?

A

Oligosaccharide (3-10 units), polysaccharide (>10 units) and indigestible polysaccharides.

21
Q

what type of complex sugar is starch?

A

A polysaccharide

22
Q

Starch is The way plants Store sugars. What 3 molecules can starch be?

A

Amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen

23
Q

What two starches are water soluble?

A

Amylose and glycogen

24
Q

What is the body’s way of storing carbohydrates?

A

Glycogen

25
Q

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are cell wall sugars classified as?

A

Indigestible polysaccharides

26
Q

Gums and cutin are part of what of type of fiber?

A

Non-cell wall

27
Q

Fiber is what type of carbonydrate?

A

Oligosaccharide

28
Q

Oligosaccharides are metabolized by bacteria located where?

A

In The large intestine

29
Q

Fiber is composed of?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, mucilage, lignins

30
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates (starch) begins in the mouth with?

A

Salivary amylase (starch to maltose)

31
Q

What enzyme in the small intestine completes starch digestion?

A

Pancreatic amylase by hydrolyzing alpha 1-4 linkages to produce monosaccharides and di (maltose),

32
Q

Bush burder enzymes mediate The final sugar digestion into the absorbable molecules. What are these 3 enzymes?

A

Sucrase, Maltase, and lactase

33
Q

Which brush border enzyme is not found in ruminants?

A

Sucrase

34
Q

Where in the small intestine is the primary site of absorption of carbohydrates?

A

Jejunum

35
Q

The duodenum is the primary site of what?

A

Digestion of monosaccharides

36
Q

Why is carbohydrate absorption sodium- dependent?

A

Because of the concentration gradient formed when absorbing glucose into the body

37
Q

How does glucose get absorbed through the intestinal wall?

A

1- the sodium /potassium pump creates a concentration gradient by pumping sodium out of the cell.
2- The sodium dependent glucose transport-1 brings glucose with 2 molecules of sodium from inside the cell to blood and brings water along with it (260 per glucose molecule )

38
Q

In the concentration gradient, where are sodium levels higher?

A

Out of the cell

39
Q

Carbohydrate malabsorption means?

A

The simple carbohydrates are not absorbed in the small intestine

40
Q

What are some causes of carbohydrate malabsorption?

A

Enzyme or transporter deficiency

41
Q

The osmotic effect caused by VFA production in the large in intestine causes what to occur?

A

Increases water absorption and peristalsis, and this decreases nutrient retention

42
Q

Why does VFA production increase H2O absorption?

A

Because they are osmolytes

43
Q

Why does lactose intolerance occur?

A

Because there is not enough lactase

44
Q

With lactose intolerance, the typical site of water absorption is where?

A

In the large intestine, specifically in the colon

45
Q

The principal carbohydrate in milk is?

A

Lactose

46
Q

Sensitivity to lactose can be what 2 things?

A

Maldigestion or intolerance

ANS 319 (11 decks)

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