Lipids: Monogastric Function, Digestion And Absorption Flashcards
What are the four functions of lipids?
Energy source, cell membrane component, precursor for hormones, essential fatty acid source
How many k/cals in lipids compared to carbs?
9 k/cals in lipids vs. 4 k/cals in carbs
Why are lipids better for energy?
Because they have more hydrogen bound per carbon unit i.e. they’re more reduced
Saturated fatty acids means what?
They have the maximum amount of hydrogens bound per C unit and no double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids means what?
They have double bonds in their structure
The chain length increases the melting point what?
Increases as well
Saturated fatty acids are in which state at room temperature?
Solid
Unsaturated fatty acids are in which state at room temperature?
Liquid
Do double bonds increase or decrease the melting point?
Decrease
In omega nomenclature, you start numbering from which end of the chain?
From the methyl end
In Delta nomenclature, you number from which end?
From the carboxyl end
In which nomenclature system do you number all double bonds?
In the Delta system
In terms of stability, unsaturated fatty acids undergo what?
Spoils because of oxidation?
What is hydrogenation?
The addition of H atoms to double bonds in order to saturate them
What are the two essential fatty acids that the body can’t make enough of and they are unsaturated?
Linolenic and linoleic acid
Linolenic acid is an omega what?
3
Linoleic acid is an omega what?
6
What is the third essential fatty acid that is sometimes considered as such?
Arachidonic
What is esterification?
When the carboxyl group of the fatty acid binds to glycerol through an ester bond
What are the four types of lipids?
Triglycerides, glycolipids, galactolipids, and phospholipids
Triglycerides are what?
The main lipid storage form in animal tissue, glycerol attached to three fatty acids
Glycolipids are what?
Glycerol with two fatty acids and one sugar attached, a plasma membrane component
Galactolipids are what?
Glycerol with two fatty acids and two galactose attached, reach in linolenic acid and found in forages
Phospholipids are what?
A component of cell membrane structure and aid and transport and intracellular signaling
What is specific to the lipid bilayer of phospholipids in animals?
Cholesterol
Sterols are a type of lipid that has what type of structure?
Multi-ring
Lipids are not soluble in?
Water
Triglycerides are too big to be absorbed so they mix with what to be emulsified?
Bile
In the mouth, what starts lipid digestion?
Lingual lipase
In the stomach, what does lipid digestion?
Gastric lipase
How are lipids emulsified in the stomach?
By churning
In the small intestine, what acts on triglycerides to be broken into monoglyceride and fatty acids?
Pancreatic lipase
The small intestine mixes bile salts to convert emulsions into what?
Micelles
What is the molecule that Anchors pancreatic lipase to the triglyceride?
Pancreatic colipase
Pancreatic colipase is activated by what molecule?
Trypsin
What is the inactive form of pancreatic Colipase called?
Procolipase
Where is bile made and stored?
Made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder except for horses
What is the function of bile?
Fat emulsification
What are two secretions essential for digestion of triglycerides?
Bile salts and pancreatic lipase
What is the molecule that is absorbed into enterocytes?
Fatty acids and monoglycerols
Molecule that releases those fatty acids and monoglycerides is called what?
Micelle
How does the enterocyte bring back together that too fatty acids and one of glycerol inside?
By making a molecule with triglycerides proteins and cholesterol called a chylomicron
Where do chylomicrons transports lipids to?
Liver
What molecule stabilizes lipids for transport?
Apolipoproteins
How are chylomicrons distributed evenly throughout the whole body?
they entered the aortic arch then enter arterial circulation
