Principles Of Nutrition Flashcards
What are the 3 macronutrients found in feed?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
What are the 4 steps for food processing in the body?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
What is dry matter (dm)?
The non -water component of feed; solids
What is “as Fed” basis?
Nutrient values and percentages with water
What does processing do?
Increase surface area and digestibility
What is more important than any macronutrient?
Water
How many grams in one pound?
454g
How many pounds in 1 ton?
2.000
How many pounds in 1 kg?
2.2
How many liters in a gallon?
3.82 L
If you have 28% fat in a dm basis, and 75% water, how fat is the feed in an af basis?
28% x 0.25 = 7% fat af
If you have 18% crude protein and 85% dm in feed, how much is there of crude in protein a dm basis?
18/0.85= 21.2% cp on a dm basis.
If you have 12.5% CP on an 85% dm basis, now much cp is there in an af basis?
12.5x0.86 = 11% cp in an af basis.
14% cp in an af basis with 90% dm, how much cp% in an dm basis?
14/ 0.90 = 16% dm
Feed with 86% dm, and you want to feed 20lbs. Of dm; how much would you need to feed?
20/0.86=23.25 lbs.
35% ADF on a dm basis, 86% dm; how much ado is there on an af basis?
35x 0.86= 30% ADF on an af basis.
Bag of feed= 50lbs. Af with 90% DM how much does feed weigh on a dm basis?
50x0.9= 45 lbs.
What are the 2 types of fermentation?
Aerobic and anaerobic
What portion of the plant can ruminants eat?
Entire plant(forages)
What portion ot the plant can monogastrics, and feedlot beef eat?
Seeds (grains) , concentrates
Plant cell walls are composed of?
Structural and non-structural carbohydrates
Structural carbohydrates are composed of?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
Non- structural carbohydrates are composed of?
Proteins, sugars, starch, pectins, fats
What part ot the cell wall is indigestible?
Structural carbohydrates
What % of dm are organic feeds composed of?
95%; the rest is minerals (Cho)
Feeds are classified into?
Concentrates and roughages / forages
Concentrates have rich?
Energy
When we are talking about ruminant feed, we are talking about?
Roughages
Forages are…
Entire plant
Forages are rich in?
Fibers
Grains are
Highly digestible; concentrates
Harvested plants are, divided into?
Grasses and legumes
Plants require what to synthesize amino acids?
NH3, Ammonia
Why are legumes high in protein?
Because of nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
What are the five major anatomical parts of plants?
Leaves, stems, inflorescence,
Fruit, roots
Which part of the plant is high in nutrients and in non-structural carbohydrates, and highly digestible?
Leaves
What part ot the plant is less nutritious, has high content of structural carbs, and contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
Stems
What are the 2 parts of forage nutritive value?
Nutrient density and digestibility
What is apparent digestibility?
A % based on dietary intake and feces output to estimate how digestible feed can be
( Dietary intake - feces output x 100 ) / dietary intake
Why are feces brown?
Thrown out R BC and iron
Factors that affect nutritive value
Maturity and leaf stem ratio
Where is fiber located?
Leaves
Where is the highest quality fiber?
At top of plants
What are the 2 plants stressors? -
Temp and moisture deficit or excess
Digestibility ____________with maturity
Decreases
Lignification occurs from
Outside of cell wall to inside
What are 3 quality attributes that can be compared in a nutritive value of feeds assessment?
Crude protein, fiber, and digestibilty
What are the 2 types of nutritive value feed assessments?
Laboratory and Animal assessment
The laboratory assessment can be
A chemical evaluation and an in vitro digestion
What processes can be done to dm remains?
Burning or neutral detergent extraction.
After neutral detergent extraction what 2 things are extracted?
Neutral detergent soluble and neutral detergent fiber
NDS are the in solution what?
Protein, starch, pectins, fats.
N DF contains What?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
The NDF recovers what part of the plant?
Major cell wall components, structural carbohydrates
What can be done to the insoluble parts of the neutral detergent extraction to remove hemicellulose and fiber-bound protein from the solution?
Acid detergent extraction
What is the soluble part of the acid detergent extraction called?
Acid detergent fiber (adf)
If ADF is high thendigestibility is?
Low
What does In vitro digestion measure?
Nutrient loss via Dacron bags
What are the 3 trials in an Animal Assessment?
Digestion, Balance, and production
What does the production trial record?
Efficiency to feed intake and specific nutrient intake
