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Next Generation Exam 1 > Ruminant and Porcine Breeding Management > Flashcards

Ruminant and Porcine Breeding Management Flashcards

1
Q

estrous behavior is __ hours in dairy cattle and __ hours in beef

A

7, 12-18

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2
Q

dairy breeding management aims for year round ___ and a __ month calving interval per cow so __ is more commonly preferred

A

production of milk, 13, AI

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3
Q

after the voluntary waiting period for dairy cows, insemination should happen within __ if combining estrus detection with timed AI

A

30 days

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4
Q

__ is the largest energy demand in the dairy cow repro cycle

A

lactation

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5
Q

_ months breeding + __months pregnant/lactating + __ months pregnant/dry = 13 months

A

2,9,2

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6
Q

the purpose of beef breeding management is __. Spring calving is bred __ to __ while fall calving is bred __ to __

A

sale of calves at weaning, may to august, december to January

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7
Q

what is the most common breeding method in beef?

A

natural

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8
Q

__ pregnancy success is aimed for in beef cows with __ pregnant in the 1st 21 days

A

> 95%, 60-65%

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9
Q

signs of behavioral estrus

A
  • tail twitching or walking with tails elevated
  • clear, thick mucous discharge from vulva
  • mounting
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10
Q

what is a teaser male (rams/bucks)?

A

vasectomized or epididectomized that blocks sperm transport but retains sexual behavior

*can still transmit venereal dz *

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11
Q

what can affect heat detection?

A

weather, malnutrition, stress

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12
Q

heat detection rate

A

number of cows bred divided by number of cows eligible to get bred over a 21 day period

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13
Q

conception rate

A

the percentage of the number of cows that conceive divided by the number bred at the time of pregnancy check

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14
Q

pregnancy rate

A

the percentage of cows eligible to become pregnant in a given timeframe that actually become pregnant

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15
Q

what is the AM-PM rule for AI? who does it apply to?

A

applies to ruminants only, a female observed in estrus in the AM should be bred by AI in the PM which is about 12-20 hours before ovulation occurs

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16
Q

what are the two options for manipulation of the estrous cycle?

A

shorten (prostaglandin) or lengthen(progestins) the luteal phase

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17
Q

GnRH agonist __ LH/FSH from the anterior pituitary which does what?

A

stimulates, resets the follicular wave to trigger LH surge causing ovulation

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18
Q

Does PGF travel systemically?

A

NO, it is picked up by the ovarian artery through countercurrent exchange and delivered back to the ovary where it causes lysis of the CL

19
Q

in order for lutalyse to be effective cows must be __ with a __, adequate __ and time postpartum

A

cycling, CL, nutrition

20
Q

at what time in the cycle can PGF2alpha be used successfully?

A

day 5-17 (cow must be in diestrus for it to work)

21
Q

how is PGF2alpha administered in a herd setting to control estrus?

A
  1. single injection – gives cows one injection on monday; 60-70% of cows will go into estrus, need to start watching for heat on wednesday (heat is 2-5 days post inj)
22
Q

what are progestins and what are they used for?

A

progesterone analogues (ex. melengesterol acetate, CIDR implants)

mimic the luteal phase (makes the body think a CL is present even if its regressing)

23
Q

Melengesterol Acetate (MGA)

A

generally used in feedlot situations to suppress estrus/used for synchronization and increased rate of weight gain/feed efficiency

24
Q

CIDR implant

A

intravaginal drug release of progestins that are absorbed through the vaginal mucosa to induce estrus/synchronize estrus

25
Q

GnRH agonists

A

admin after dominant follicle selection and resets the follicular wave

26
Q

OV- Synch

A

commonly used in dairy cows

  1. GnRH on Monday
  2. PGF next monday (d7)
  3. GnRH wednesday (d9)
  4. breed 8-18 hours later
27
Q

CO- Synch Protocol

A

commonly used in beef cows bc requires less handling

  1. GnRH on monday
  2. PGF on following monday (d7)
  3. GnRH and AI ~54-66 hours later
28
Q

Select Synch

A
  1. GnRH monday
  2. PGF following monday (d7)
  3. heat detect and AI day 6-13
29
Q

why is synchronizing estrus in small ruminants difficult?

A

small ruminants have 3 to 4 follicular waves

30
Q

what effects ovulation in small ruminants?

A

breed, season, nutrition will all affect ovulation rate

31
Q

estrus cycle manipulation methods in small ruminants

A

photoperiodic treatments
male effect
dormitory effect
adapted nutrition
hormonal treatments

32
Q

photoperiodic treatments

A

altering the daylight length
1. begin with long days
2. decrease day length to trigger melatonin release from the pineal gland

33
Q

the male effect

A
  • isolated female from the sight, smell and sound of males for 30 days
  • introduce ram or buck to a group of transitional period females abruptly
  • can activate LH secretion and induce ovulation in 48 hours
34
Q

how is the male effect used?

A
  • initial ovulation induction is often silent, female does not display estrous behavior because the hypothalamus does not have receptors for it yet– female is not bred with initial ovulation
  • abnormal CL development and premature luteolysis occur in most females then they have a normal estrus with typical estrus behaviors
35
Q

dormitory effect

A

introduction of one ewe in estrus to a herd causes most (80%) of ewes to come into estrus within a few weeks

36
Q

adapted nutrition

A

feeding high energy supplement increases ovulation rate, making twins more likely in small ruminants; success affected by environment and other factors, works best on lean females

37
Q

PG- 600 (what is it and how is it used)

A

combo equine chorionic gonadotropin hCG combo

use: acts directly on the ovary to stimulate ovulation by increasing follicle selection –increases twinning rate in small ruminants

38
Q

how is natural breeding timed/tracked in small ruminants?

A

male is left with females for 1.5 cycles and wear markers to keep track of which females were bred

39
Q

why can sheep not be AI’d through transcervical insemination? what must be done instead?

A

too many cervical ring make it difficult to advance the AI probe

alternative method is laproscopic AI with injection of sperm into the uterus

40
Q

methods to advance puberty in non-cycling gilts

A
  1. mature boar exposure combined with transportation stress
  2. relocate to group with mature females
  3. PG-600 (induces estrus in 55% gilts withing 7 days), must be old enough (165 days) and large enough (185lbs)
41
Q

how can weaning be used to sync estrus in pigs?

A

wean all females after 21 day lactation –estrus occurs within 4-7 days

42
Q

altrongest (matrix) in pigs

A

synthetic progesterone feed additive used for 14 days then stopped – females go into estrus within 4-7 days after withdrawal of the drug

43
Q

why are prostaglandins not used to sync estrus in pigs? what situation can it be used in?

A

PGF2alpha is not effective in pigs until after day 12 of the cycle ( day 5 in other species) —so it only shorts the luteal phase by 3-4 days

use: administered 14 days after boar exposure to terminate pregnancy

44
Q

how often should pigs be checked for estrus? when is the best time to AI?

A

can be checked once or twice daily

Gilts: AI twice, 12 and 24 hours after estrus is detected

Sows: AI twice, 24 and 36 hours after estrus is detected

Next Generation Exam 1 (31 decks)

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