Ruminant Abdomen Flashcards
List procedures in left paralumbar fossa
Trocarisation
Rumenotomy
Cesarean section.
Where does the esophagus open
The esophagus opens at the cardia in the reticulum but protrudes into the cranial ruminal sac (food)
List the order of food through the stomach chambers
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
What is in the ruminal grooves and clin sig
neurovascular supply, filled with fat, covered by peritoneum
should avoid in surgery
1 Dorsal curvature
2 Ventral curvature
3 Left longitudinal groove
4 Left accessory groove
5 Cranial groove
6 Caudal groove
7 Dorsal sac
8 Atrium (or craniodorsal blind sac)
9 Ventral sac
10 Recess of ventral sac of rumen ret.
11 Left Dorsal coronary groove
12 Left Ventral coronary groove
13 Caudodorsal blind sac
14 Caudoventral blind sac
15 Ruminoreticular groove (yellow broken line)
6 Caudal groove
7 Dorsal ruminal sac
8 Atrium
9 Ventral ruminal sac
11 Right Dorsal coronary groove
12 Right Ventral coronary groove
13 Caudodorsal blind sac
14 Caudoventral blind sac
17 Right accessory groove
18 Insula ruminis (ruminal island)
What are ruminal pillars
internal “folding” corresponding to the external grooves
What is the name for the opening between pillars where food goes up and down in the rumen
intraruminal ostium/opening
What divides rumen from reticulum internally
ruminoreticular fold
Function of ruminal papillae
Absorb gases (70% of energy supply)
Compare/contrast bovine from small ruminant ruminal papillae
In bovine no papillae in the roof of the rumen nor on the pillars. (and sparse on dorsal sac)
vs in small ruminants they are everywhere
compare/contrast bovine from small ruminant pillars and ruminal sacs
small ruminants have indistinct ruminal pillars and small caudal dorsal blind sac
1) ruminoreticular compartment/atrium
2) ruminoreticular opening
3) ruminoreticular groove
4) ruminoreticular fold
How to identify ruminoreticular fold
easily identified, one side has ruminal papillae & the other side has reticular cells with honeycomb appearance
List the three openings of the reticulum
Cardiac opening
2- Ruminoreticular opening
3- Reticulo-omasal opening (in lower Rt. wall of reticulum)
1- Cardiac opening (@ 8th ICS)
2- Ruminoreticular opening
3- Reticulo-omasal opening (in lower Rt. wall of reticulum)
Describe how a metal object is oriented to cause traumatic-reticulopericarditis
cranially
Describe what can happen if the metal object is directed to the right while in the reticulum
reticuloperitonitis
can also hit liver and cause hepatitis and liver abscesses
is the omasum or abomasum bigger in bovine? in small ruminants?
bovine: omasum is larger (omasum is “o” shaped)
small rum: abomasum is larger (omasum is “kidney bean shaped”)
Where is the omasum located and clin sig
on the RIGHT SIDE
- entirely in the intrathoracic part of
the abdominal cavity.
- 8 -11 ribs (10 cm protrude ventral to
the costal arch)
covered by lesser omentum
can palpate below right costal arch and elicit pain in case of impaction
omasum location in small ruminants
completely covered by liver
Describe the interior of the omasum
The omasal laminae are arranged in four levels in a pattern.
1) primary fold
2) secondary fold
3) tertiary fold
4) quaternary fold
a) omasal canal
b) omasal groove
c) interlaminar recess
pink arrows) mucosal folds
Describe how the omasal laminae are covered
papillated on each side
Describe the abomasum location
Directly contacts abdominal floor behind the xiphoid cartilage
The pyloric part of the abomasum seen on right between greater and lesser omenta (which are attached to its greater and lesser curvatures).
What is the reticuloabomasal ligament and clin sig
One of the smooth muscle bands that connects fundus of the abomasum with reticulum and rumen.
It is covered by greater omentum
It is a landmark for abdominal exploration & surgery
Because of this attachment, displacements of the abomasum involve the reticulum & omasum.
What structure is located at the pyloric sphincter
what other animals have this as well
torus pyloricus
camelids, pigs
What is the vela abomascia
The two folds at the omasoabomasal orifice that form a valve
an opened omasoabomasal orifice (vela abomascia)
What clin conditions are associated with the abomasum
Right displaced abomasum (rda): abomasum moves from the ventral abdomen to a position lateral to the omental sling on the cow’s right side.
left displaced abomasum (lda)
What complications can occur with an RDA
damage to vagal nerves because these nerves are located along the lesser curvature of abomasum, and are twisted with torsion of pylorus (RTA)→ vagal indigestion.
abomasal volvulus (life threatening)
Where is the greater omentum attached
The superficial wall … Lt. Longitudinal
groove
The deep wall … along the right
Longitudinal groove.
Both walls continuous at the caudal groove.
Greater curvature of the abomasum and the ventral part of the descending duodenum
What is the supraomental recess
V-shaped hammock, “omental sling” where most of the intestinal mass is located (Intestinal pouch )
Formed by deep and superficial wall of greater omentum
Closed cranially, Open caudally where
- the intestine can leave caudally
- The pregnant uterus can enter
What other structures does the greater omentum attach to aside from the stomach and clin sig
runs over the dorsal ruminal sac
as its visceral layer, helping to attach the spleen to the rumen, and attaching the dorsal sac of the rumen to the sublumbar region.
This sublumbar attachment gives the rumen great stability
where is the lesser omentum and clin sig
covers the right side of
the omasum - “pig’s ear”. -
Omentopexy and identifying the abomasum in LDL
Describe stomach innervation and what it controls
rumen: dorsal vagal trunk
other compartments: ventral vagal trunk
Controls complex contraction cycle in the ruminant stomach, eructation and regurgitation, and closure of the gastric groove
What can occur if the vagal trunks are damages and what can cause this
Damage to vagal trunks → Vagal indigestion
Maybe due to:
- Caudal mediastinal ln.
- RDA
what stimulates gastric groove closure
Suckling with the heads up causes the lips of this groove to close.
What is the gastric groove
runs dorsoventrally, which permits easy passage of liquids into the abomasum.
in all domestic animalsm but greatest importance in suckling ruminants
- Cardiac opening
- Reticulo-omasal opening
3 & 4. Right and left lips of reticular groove - Floor of gastric groove
Name the three parts of the gastric groove
Reticular (esophageal, milk) groove
(not the same thing as ruminoretucular groove which is external!!!)
Omasal groove
Abomasal groove
How to deliver anthelmintics for rumen/reticulum vs abomasal worms
rumen/reticulum: directly by stomach tube
abomasum: drugs containing copper/nicotine sulfates to stimulate gastric groove closure
How to evaluate for vagal indigestion
Give Sodium sulfate- water drench- then auscultate water dribbling in abomasum.
Give Sodium sulfate- Glucose water- measure blood glucose levels → (increased).
Where is the spleen located
entirely on the left side
firmly attached to the craniodorsal aspect of the rumen. (area of adhesion)
compressed between
rumen and left body wall
compare/contrast bovine and small ruminant spleen
cattle: elliptical shape, elongated hilus
small rum: more triangular shaped, focal hilus (only one area)
What are hemal nodes
receive and filter blood instead of lymph
found in ruminants in many parts of the
body (especially along the aorta)
distinguished from lymph nodes by their
dark brown color
normal structures
What are these
Hemal nodes
Describe liver postion
rumen pushes it so rotated 90 degrees
(right lobe is dorsal, left is ventral)
1) caudate lobe
2) right lobe
3) left lobe
List the lobes of the liver
right (undivided)
left (undivided)
quadrate
caudate (caudate and papillary process)
Where is the left lobe of the pancreas located
between the dorsal sac of the rumen and the left crus of
the diaphragm (within the dorsal attachment of the greater
omentum).
Where is the right lobe of the pancreas located
mesoduodenum
Where is the body of the pancreas located
near hilus of the liver
Pancreas species differences between large and small ruminants
In the ox, the accessory pancreatic duct is the main duct, opens @ minor duod. papilla (don’t have pancreatic duct in major papilla)
Small ruminants, only the pancreatic duct (opens with the bile duct @ the major duod. Papilla)
ruminant Pancreas vs equine
ruminats have pancreatic notch for portal vein (does not completely surround) while equine have portal ring (completely surrounds)
What unique feature does the cranial part of the duodenum have
sigmoid loop
Where is the small intestine located
within the supraomental recess
Where are the mesenteric lymph nodes found in large vs small ruminantas vs carnovires/equine
found in the mesojejunum,
along attached border of mesojejunum
between the jejunum & the outermost
(centrifugal) coil of the spiral colon.
In small ruminants: inside outermost
centrifugal coil
In dogs and horses: at the root of mesojejunum
Where is the cecum located and what does it look like
Straight, cylindrical, No tenia, no haustra
Located in the right paralumbar fossa within supraomental recess
The apex directed caudally towards the pelvic inle
Name the opening of the cecum
ileocecalcolic opening (t-junction)
List the parts of the ascending colon
Proximal loop
Spiral loop ( Centripetal coils- inne, Central flexure = eq. pelvic flexure, Centrifugal coils -outer)
Distal loop (attached to the duodenal loop by duodenocolic fold)
Where is the descending colon located
dorsal to ascending colon
What structure is unique to large ruminant colon
sigmoid loop (in descending colon)
name red, green, blue parts
a-c, 1-3, B-D
red= proximal loop
blue = spiral colon
green = distal loop
a = centripetal coild
b = central flexure
c = centrifugal coils
B = transverse colon
C = descending colon
D = sigmoid colon
Desrcibe the left kidney location
is pendulous/floating
suspended from the roof of the abdomen by the renal vessels and is enclosed by a fat filled peritoneum. (peritonized not retroperitoneal)
Where is the hilus of the left kidney
dorsally
Where is the left kidney compared to right
caudoventral to right kidney
Describe small ruminant kidney
Resembles a canine kidney (only differentiate by smell)
Smooth unipapillary (unipyramidal)
Renal crest, common renal papilla, area cribrosa, Renal pelvis
1) lobe of kidney
2) cortical cap
3) medullar pyramid
4) renal papilla projecting into calyx
5) calices (minor) - tip of renal papilla
6) cranial branch of ureter (major calyx)
7) ureter
Describe bovine kidney
lobulated, multipyramidal
No fusion of renal papillae to form a ridge, thus NO RENAL CREST
No central urine-collecting chamber, so NO RENAL PELVIS
