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Eating and Eliminating > Ruminant Abdomen > Flashcards

Ruminant Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

List procedures in left paralumbar fossa

A

Trocarisation
Rumenotomy
Cesarean section.

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2
Q

Where does the esophagus open

A

The esophagus opens at the cardia in the reticulum but protrudes into the cranial ruminal sac (food)

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3
Q

List the order of food through the stomach chambers

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

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4
Q

What is in the ruminal grooves and clin sig

A

neurovascular supply, filled with fat, covered by peritoneum

should avoid in surgery

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5
Q
A

1 Dorsal curvature
2 Ventral curvature
3 Left longitudinal groove
4 Left accessory groove
5 Cranial groove
6 Caudal groove
7 Dorsal sac
8 Atrium (or craniodorsal blind sac)
9 Ventral sac
10 Recess of ventral sac of rumen ret.
11 Left Dorsal coronary groove
12 Left Ventral coronary groove
13 Caudodorsal blind sac
14 Caudoventral blind sac
15 Ruminoreticular groove (yellow broken line)

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6
Q
A

6 Caudal groove
7 Dorsal ruminal sac
8 Atrium
9 Ventral ruminal sac
11 Right Dorsal coronary groove
12 Right Ventral coronary groove
13 Caudodorsal blind sac
14 Caudoventral blind sac
17 Right accessory groove
18 Insula ruminis (ruminal island)

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7
Q

What are ruminal pillars

A

internal “folding” corresponding to the external grooves

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8
Q

What is the name for the opening between pillars where food goes up and down in the rumen

A

intraruminal ostium/opening

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9
Q

What divides rumen from reticulum internally

A

ruminoreticular fold

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10
Q

Function of ruminal papillae

A

Absorb gases (70% of energy supply)

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11
Q

Compare/contrast bovine from small ruminant ruminal papillae

A

In bovine no papillae in the roof of the rumen nor on the pillars. (and sparse on dorsal sac)
vs in small ruminants they are everywhere

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12
Q

compare/contrast bovine from small ruminant pillars and ruminal sacs

A

small ruminants have indistinct ruminal pillars and small caudal dorsal blind sac

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13
Q
A

1) ruminoreticular compartment/atrium
2) ruminoreticular opening
3) ruminoreticular groove
4) ruminoreticular fold

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14
Q

How to identify ruminoreticular fold

A

easily identified, one side has ruminal papillae & the other side has reticular cells with honeycomb appearance

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15
Q

List the three openings of the reticulum

A

Cardiac opening
2- Ruminoreticular opening
3- Reticulo-omasal opening (in lower Rt. wall of reticulum)

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16
Q
A

1- Cardiac opening (@ 8th ICS)
2- Ruminoreticular opening
3- Reticulo-omasal opening (in lower Rt. wall of reticulum)

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17
Q

Describe how a metal object is oriented to cause traumatic-reticulopericarditis

A

cranially

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18
Q

Describe what can happen if the metal object is directed to the right while in the reticulum

A

reticuloperitonitis
can also hit liver and cause hepatitis and liver abscesses

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19
Q

is the omasum or abomasum bigger in bovine? in small ruminants?

A

bovine: omasum is larger (omasum is “o” shaped)
small rum: abomasum is larger (omasum is “kidney bean shaped”)

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20
Q

Where is the omasum located and clin sig

A

on the RIGHT SIDE
- entirely in the intrathoracic part of
the abdominal cavity.
- 8 -11 ribs (10 cm protrude ventral to
the costal arch)
covered by lesser omentum

can palpate below right costal arch and elicit pain in case of impaction

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21
Q

omasum location in small ruminants

A

completely covered by liver

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22
Q

Describe the interior of the omasum

A

The omasal laminae are arranged in four levels in a pattern.

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23
Q
A

1) primary fold
2) secondary fold
3) tertiary fold
4) quaternary fold
a) omasal canal
b) omasal groove
c) interlaminar recess
pink arrows) mucosal folds

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24
Q

Describe how the omasal laminae are covered

A

papillated on each side

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25
Q

Describe the abomasum location

A

Directly contacts abdominal floor behind the xiphoid cartilage

The pyloric part of the abomasum seen on right between greater and lesser omenta (which are attached to its greater and lesser curvatures).

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26
Q

What is the reticuloabomasal ligament and clin sig

A

One of the smooth muscle bands that connects fundus of the abomasum with reticulum and rumen.

It is covered by greater omentum

It is a landmark for abdominal exploration & surgery

Because of this attachment, displacements of the abomasum involve the reticulum & omasum.

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27
Q

What structure is located at the pyloric sphincter
what other animals have this as well

A

torus pyloricus
camelids, pigs

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28
Q

What is the vela abomascia

A

The two folds at the omasoabomasal orifice that form a valve

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29
Q
A

an opened omasoabomasal orifice (vela abomascia)

30
Q

What clin conditions are associated with the abomasum

A

Right displaced abomasum (rda): abomasum moves from the ventral abdomen to a position lateral to the omental sling on the cow’s right side.

left displaced abomasum (lda)

31
Q

What complications can occur with an RDA

A

damage to vagal nerves because these nerves are located along the lesser curvature of abomasum, and are twisted with torsion of pylorus (RTA)→ vagal indigestion.

abomasal volvulus (life threatening)

32
Q

Where is the greater omentum attached

A

The superficial wall … Lt. Longitudinal
groove

The deep wall … along the right
Longitudinal groove.

Both walls continuous at the caudal groove.

Greater curvature of the abomasum and the ventral part of the descending duodenum

33
Q

What is the supraomental recess

A

V-shaped hammock, “omental sling” where most of the intestinal mass is located (Intestinal pouch )

Formed by deep and superficial wall of greater omentum

Closed cranially, Open caudally where
- the intestine can leave caudally
- The pregnant uterus can enter

34
Q

What other structures does the greater omentum attach to aside from the stomach and clin sig

A

runs over the dorsal ruminal sac
as its visceral layer, helping to attach the spleen to the rumen, and attaching the dorsal sac of the rumen to the sublumbar region.

This sublumbar attachment gives the rumen great stability

35
Q

where is the lesser omentum and clin sig

A

covers the right side of
the omasum - “pig’s ear”. -

Omentopexy and identifying the abomasum in LDL

36
Q

Describe stomach innervation and what it controls

A

rumen: dorsal vagal trunk
other compartments: ventral vagal trunk

Controls complex contraction cycle in the ruminant stomach, eructation and regurgitation, and closure of the gastric groove

37
Q

What can occur if the vagal trunks are damages and what can cause this

A

Damage to vagal trunks → Vagal indigestion

Maybe due to:
- Caudal mediastinal ln.
- RDA

38
Q

what stimulates gastric groove closure

A

Suckling with the heads up causes the lips of this groove to close.

39
Q

What is the gastric groove

A

runs dorsoventrally, which permits easy passage of liquids into the abomasum.

in all domestic animalsm but greatest importance in suckling ruminants

40
Q
A
  1. Cardiac opening
  2. Reticulo-omasal opening
    3 & 4. Right and left lips of reticular groove
  3. Floor of gastric groove
41
Q

Name the three parts of the gastric groove

A

Reticular (esophageal, milk) groove
(not the same thing as ruminoretucular groove which is external!!!)
Omasal groove
Abomasal groove

42
Q

How to deliver anthelmintics for rumen/reticulum vs abomasal worms

A

rumen/reticulum: directly by stomach tube
abomasum: drugs containing copper/nicotine sulfates to stimulate gastric groove closure

43
Q

How to evaluate for vagal indigestion

A

Give Sodium sulfate- water drench- then auscultate water dribbling in abomasum.

Give Sodium sulfate- Glucose water- measure blood glucose levels → (increased).

44
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

entirely on the left side

firmly attached to the craniodorsal aspect of the rumen. (area of adhesion)

compressed between
rumen and left body wall

45
Q

compare/contrast bovine and small ruminant spleen

A

cattle: elliptical shape, elongated hilus

small rum: more triangular shaped, focal hilus (only one area)

46
Q

What are hemal nodes

A

receive and filter blood instead of lymph

found in ruminants in many parts of the
body (especially along the aorta)

distinguished from lymph nodes by their
dark brown color

normal structures

47
Q

What are these

A

Hemal nodes

48
Q

Describe liver postion

A

rumen pushes it so rotated 90 degrees
(right lobe is dorsal, left is ventral)

49
Q
A

1) caudate lobe
2) right lobe
3) left lobe

50
Q

List the lobes of the liver

A

right (undivided)
left (undivided)
quadrate
caudate (caudate and papillary process)

51
Q

Where is the left lobe of the pancreas located

A

between the dorsal sac of the rumen and the left crus of
the diaphragm (within the dorsal attachment of the greater
omentum).

52
Q

Where is the right lobe of the pancreas located

A

mesoduodenum

53
Q

Where is the body of the pancreas located

A

near hilus of the liver

54
Q

Pancreas species differences between large and small ruminants

A

In the ox, the accessory pancreatic duct is the main duct, opens @ minor duod. papilla (don’t have pancreatic duct in major papilla)

Small ruminants, only the pancreatic duct (opens with the bile duct @ the major duod. Papilla)

55
Q

ruminant Pancreas vs equine

A

ruminats have pancreatic notch for portal vein (does not completely surround) while equine have portal ring (completely surrounds)

56
Q

What unique feature does the cranial part of the duodenum have

A

sigmoid loop

57
Q

Where is the small intestine located

A

within the supraomental recess

58
Q

Where are the mesenteric lymph nodes found in large vs small ruminantas vs carnovires/equine

A

found in the mesojejunum,
along attached border of mesojejunum
between the jejunum & the outermost
(centrifugal) coil of the spiral colon.

In small ruminants: inside outermost
centrifugal coil

In dogs and horses: at the root of mesojejunum

59
Q

Where is the cecum located and what does it look like

A

Straight, cylindrical, No tenia, no haustra

Located in the right paralumbar fossa within supraomental recess

The apex directed caudally towards the pelvic inle

60
Q

Name the opening of the cecum

A

ileocecalcolic opening (t-junction)

61
Q

List the parts of the ascending colon

A

Proximal loop

Spiral loop ( Centripetal coils- inne, Central flexure = eq. pelvic flexure, Centrifugal coils -outer)

Distal loop (attached to the duodenal loop by duodenocolic fold)

62
Q

Where is the descending colon located

A

dorsal to ascending colon

63
Q

What structure is unique to large ruminant colon

A

sigmoid loop (in descending colon)

64
Q

name red, green, blue parts
a-c, 1-3, B-D

A

red= proximal loop
blue = spiral colon
green = distal loop
a = centripetal coild
b = central flexure
c = centrifugal coils
B = transverse colon
C = descending colon
D = sigmoid colon

65
Q

Desrcibe the left kidney location

A

is pendulous/floating

suspended from the roof of the abdomen by the renal vessels and is enclosed by a fat filled peritoneum. (peritonized not retroperitoneal)

66
Q

Where is the hilus of the left kidney

A

dorsally

67
Q

Where is the left kidney compared to right

A

caudoventral to right kidney

68
Q

Describe small ruminant kidney

A

Resembles a canine kidney (only differentiate by smell)

Smooth unipapillary (unipyramidal)
Renal crest, common renal papilla, area cribrosa, Renal pelvis

69
Q
A

1) lobe of kidney
2) cortical cap
3) medullar pyramid
4) renal papilla projecting into calyx
5) calices (minor) - tip of renal papilla
6) cranial branch of ureter (major calyx)
7) ureter

70
Q

Describe bovine kidney

A

lobulated, multipyramidal

No fusion of renal papillae to form a ridge, thus NO RENAL CREST

No central urine-collecting chamber, so NO RENAL PELVIS

Eating and Eliminating (9 decks)

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