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Eating and Eliminating > Head 1 (skull, oral cavity, and salivary gland) > Flashcards

Head 1 (skull, oral cavity, and salivary gland) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bones that bound the oral cavity

A

Dorsally: Incisive, Maxillary, Palatine
Ventrally: Mandible

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2
Q

List the species that have a complete vs incomplete osseous orbital rim

A

Complete: ruminants, horses, humans
incomplete: carnivores, pig

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3
Q

Name the structure present in species with an incomplete orbital rim

A

Orbital ligament

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4
Q

What skull bone is unique to pigs?

A

Rostral bone

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5
Q

What is unique about ruminant maxilla

A

no incisors

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6
Q

Why are horses predisposed to basal skull fractures?

A

large foramen lacerum on either
side of the basi-occipital & sphenoid bones, along with the weak spheno- occipital suture

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7
Q

Where does longus capitis m insert?

A

on the muscular/basilar tubercles located between the basi-sphenoid & basi-occipital bones.

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8
Q

What are the potential clinical outcomes to a basal skull fracture?

A

Dorsally: Cavernous venous sinus bleeding →Death

Ventrally: Guttural pouches infection which can spread to atlanto-occipital jt.

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9
Q

List the joints of the skull

A

Mandibular symphysis
Tympanohyoid articulation
Thyrohyoid articulation
Temporomandibular jt
sutures of skull
atlanto-occipital articulation

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10
Q
A

1) Palatine process of the Maxilla
2) Palatine process of the incisive
3) Palatine bone

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11
Q
A

1) Foramen lacerum
2) spheno-occipital suture

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12
Q

Name and give clin sig

A

muscular/basilar tubercles
where longus capitis m inserts

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13
Q

What is unique and clin sig of TMJ

A

Synovial joint, has fibrocartilaginous disc
Open mouth Lock-jaw (TMJ dysplasia)

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14
Q

Name ligament associated with TMj

A

Lateral ligament

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15
Q

List the hyoid bones

A

Stylohyoid
Epihyoid
Ceratohyoid
Basihyoid
Thyrohyoid

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16
Q

Species difference of hyoid articulation and structure

A

Carnivores: tympanohyoid articulates with the mastoid process

Large animals: Tympanohyoid articulates with styloid process

La’s also have lingual process (esp large in horses which is palpable in intermandibular space)
Stylohyoid is long/wide, basihyoid is vestigial in horses

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17
Q

Hyoid bone clin sig

A

Can be fractured (lingual process) if tongue grabbed too forcefully in dental/oral exam

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18
Q

Name the boundaries of the oral cavity

A

Lips, cheeks, Hard palate, tongue & mucous membrane and aditus pharyngis caudally.

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19
Q

List the components of the labial vestibule

A

Oral fissure: space between the lips

Angle of the mouth (labial commissure): junction between upper (superior) & lower (inferior) lips.

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20
Q

What is the aditus pharyngis and what is it bounded by?

A

Aka isthmus faucium

Caudal boundary or oral cavity where the pral cavity communicates the with oro-pharynx @ the root of the tongue

It is bounded by soft palate, root of tongue
& palato-glossal fold

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21
Q

List the two components of the oral cavity

A

Oral vestibule (outside dental arcade)

Oral cavity proper (inside dental aracade)

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22
Q

List the two components of the oral vestibule

A

Labial vestibule (between incisors and lips)

Buccal vestibule (between cheek teeth and cheeks

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23
Q

Name the green and blue regions

A

Green = buccal vestibule

Blue = oral cavity proper

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24
Q

Name this region

A

Labial vestibule

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25
Q

Name this region

A

Buccal vestibule

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26
Q

Which two salivary ducts open into the oral vestibule

A

Parotid duct and zygomatic duct

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27
Q

Where does zygomatic and parotid duct open?

A

On the parotid papilla
and the zygomatic papilla (caudal to parotid papilla)

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28
Q

Name this structure and associated duct

A

Parotid papilla and opening of parotid salivary duct

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29
Q

Clin sig of oral vestibule

A

Labial vestibule: MM color, CRT, and hydration status used to eval cardiovascular status

Buccal vestibule: excellent space to put liquid oral medications

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30
Q
A

1) Apex
2) Body
3) Root
4) Median sulcus
5) Frenulum
6) Filiform papillae
7) AV anastamose here (Panting)
8) Deep artery of tongue (can feel pulse here)

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31
Q

What is this and clin sig

A

Sublingual vein

IF ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY
during anesthesia, this vein can
be used as a site for venipuncture.
However, the loose connective
tissue surrounding the vein
promotes formation of large
hematomas. So it is not advisable.

Also can feel pulse here

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32
Q
A

1) Palatine tonsil
2) Vallate papilla
3) fungiform papillae
4) Filiform papillae
5) conical papillae
6) Site of foliate papillae (not visible)

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33
Q

Which papillae are in the apex and body of the tongue

A

Fungiform and filiform

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34
Q

Which papillae are in the root of the tongue?

A

Conical and foliate (just rostral to palatoglossal arch)

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35
Q

Which papillae are at the body/root junction

A

Vallate

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36
Q

Which papillae are mechanical? (ie grooming and moving food caudally)

A

Filiform, conical

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37
Q

Which papillae are gustatory (taste)?

A

Fungifrom
vallate (number is species dependent)
Foliate

38
Q

Clin sig of gustatory papillae

A

Can lead to hyponatremia (have salt receptors) or ingestion of toxic substances (have bitter receptors) if not functioning properly

39
Q
A

1) Fungiform papillae
2) Circumvallate papillae
3) conical papillae

40
Q

Which papillae is only found in puppies and what are they used for?

A

Marginal papillae

tongue of puppies is fringed
with lacelike (marginal) papillae that persist for the first two weeks (assist in suckling from the teat)

41
Q
A

marginal papille found in puppy’s until two weeks of age

42
Q

What part of the tongue can be colored and why

A

Apex and body can be colored because ectodermal origin

vs root is endodermal

43
Q

What is a unique tongue feature to dogs and camels. Describe it.

A

Lyssa
Lyssa short median rod (connective, muscular and cartilaginous tissue)

note: less developed but present in cats too

44
Q

Name this structure

A

Lyssa

45
Q

Name unique tongue features in ruminants and camels

A

Torus linguae and fossa linguae

46
Q

Name these two structures

A

Torus linguae (hill) and fossa linguae (depression)

47
Q

Clin sig of Torus linguae and fossa linguae

A

Fossa linguae - is a site of lodge and penetration of foreign objects

Torus lingua - is impediment for endotracheal tube placement

48
Q
A
48
Q
A

1) Fungiform papillae
2) vallate papillae
3) foliate papillae
4) Filiform papillae

49
Q

Motor tongue innervation

A

Hypoglossal

50
Q

Rostral 2/3 sensory innervation

A

pain, temperature = Lingual of Mandibular of
Trigeminal (5))

Taste = chorda tympani of facial nerve (7)

51
Q

Caudal 1/3 sensory innervation

A

Glossopharyngeal n (9)

52
Q

Name the compartments of the sublingual floor

A

Pre-frenulum part
two sublingual recesses

53
Q
A

1) Pre-frenulum part
2) sublingual recesses
white arrow = frenulum

54
Q

What is the sublingual caruncle and which ducts open here

A

Mound of mucosa, rostrolateral to the frenulum linguae.

The mandibular duct & monostomatic sublingual duct (except in horse) open at the sublingual caruncle

55
Q

Name # 4, 3, 5

A

4) sublingual recesses
3) frenulum linguae
5) two sublingual caruncles

56
Q

Name the lymphoid tissue associated with the frenulum

A

sublingual tonsil

57
Q

Define palatoschisis

A

Cleft palate

58
Q

Define cheiloschisis

A

Cleft lip (hare lip)

59
Q

Define Palatocheiloschisis

A

Both cleft palate and lip

60
Q

Define and give Clin sig of cleft palate

A

Failure of hard palate fusion at palatine raphe

Cleft palate (hard palate or soft palate) allow food into the nasal cavity/nasopharynx → aspiration pneumonia.

Be aware of major palatine a and nerve in ventral hard palate in sx correction (palatoplasty)

61
Q

What is the incisive papilla

A

Mound of mucosa located on midline at the rostral end of the palatine raphe. (caudal to cental incisors)

Houses the oral opening of the incisive ducts (except in equine these opeinings are blind)

62
Q

What is the dental pad

A

Thickened mucosa of hard palate
Replaces incisors in ruminants

63
Q

What are the palatine ridges (rugae)

A

Transverse mucosal ridges (facing
caudally)

64
Q

What is the palatine raphe

A

median line joining the 2 halves of the hard palate

65
Q
A

1) Buccal papillae
2) Palatine ridges
3) Dental pad
4) Incisive papilla
5) Palatine raphe

66
Q

What is 1?

A

Incisive papilla

67
Q

What are the two ends of the incisive (nasopalatine) ducts

A

Tube extends oblique in palatine fissure

The nasal end leads to & communicates with the vomeronasal organ (smell can be sensed by oral cavity)

The palatine end opens to the side of the incisive papilla (Closed in equine & represented by a small depression)

68
Q

Whta is this? Name #2, 3, 4, 5

A

Incisive ducts
2) palatine fissure
3) nasal end
4) palatine end
5) Vomeronasal organ

69
Q

Clin sig of palatine venous plexus

A

A risk of injury to the major palatine a. or for the palatine venous plexus by a sharp-edged instruments, as a tooth chisel, especially if the horse resist manipulation . The consequences are heavy bleeding.

Clinical Note: The mucosa covering the hard palate of the horse caudal to the incisors may bulge ventrally due to significant development of submucosal vascular plexus. This is normal for the horse. In foals, this bulging of the hard
palate mucosa may be mistaken for an abnormal swelling.

70
Q

Where can a pulse be felt in an anesthetized horse

A

In upper diastema (major palatine artery)

71
Q
A

1) Cavernous nasal venous plexus
2) palatine venous plexus

72
Q

Name the major salivary glands

A

Parotid, mandibular, sublingual

73
Q

Name the minor salivary glands

A

Labial, buccal, palatine, lingual

74
Q

Name #1, 2, 3 4 5, 6, 7, 9, 10

A

1) Polystomatic sublingual
2) Zygomatic
3) Zygomatic duct
4) Parotid duct
5) Parotid
6) Mandibular
7) Sublingual caruncle
9) Rostral part of monostomatic sublingual
10) Caudal part of monostomatic sublingual (note: it overlies the mandibular gland)

75
Q

Species difference in types of salivary gland

A

The horse & camel have only polystomatic sublingual sg., other animals have both.

zygomatic gland only in dog, cat, and camel

76
Q

Where does parotid duct terminate

A

Parotid papilla

77
Q

Path of the parotid duct in various species

A

In carnivores, pig & sheep: Crosses the masseter m between the dorsal & ventral buccal brr of facial n.

In horse, ox, and goat: Runs along the ventral margin of the masseter m.

78
Q

What is Viborrg’s triangle

A

site to access enlarged Guttural pouch (note: A normal (non-distended) guttural pouch is located more dorsomedially and is not accessible through Viborg’s triangle)

the parotid duct passes over the tendon of
insertion of the sternocephalicus m.

79
Q
A

Viborg’s triangle

80
Q

name the structures in the facial groove in a horse

A

Yellow: parotid duct
Blue: facial vein
Red: Facial artery

81
Q

Species differences and clin sig of facial groove

A

In the horse: pulse site

In the cow: the
sternomandibularis is
inserted on the body
of mandible →
prevents facial artery
and vein and parotid
duct from being
palpable

82
Q

Name three Clinical problems possible involving the salivary opening/gland/duct

A

Tartar buildup @ upper carnassial tooth

Sialoliths In ox and horse, the parotid duct may become occluded by
salivary stones.

Salivary mucocele or sialocele
Damaged salivary gland or duct →
leaked saliva → a cyst-like
accumulations in the adjacent tissues. Treatment involves removal of the
glands & their ducts.

83
Q

Species differences with buccal salivary glands

A

in all animals there are dorsal & ventral buccal SGs

In dog, cat and camel the dorsal buccal is enlarged & called zygomatic (or orbital) SG. It is located medial &
ventral to zygomatic arch

Molar glands are the caudal continuation of the ventral buccal deep to the masseter muscle.

In Ruminants there is middle buccal sg.

84
Q
A

Orange = Parotid gland and it duct (#2)

Red = mandibular gland and its duct (#4)

Green = Sublingual gland monostomatic (#5) and polystomatic #6)

Blue = Buccal gland, Dorsal buccal (zygomatic in dog & cat) (#7), Middle buccal (#8), Ventral buccal (#9)

85
Q

Where is the zygomatic salivary gland and duct located and where does the duct empty

A

Located deep to the rostral zygomatic arch

Zygomatic duct (3)
* Empties into the buccal vestibule
by zygomatic papilla
* ~1 cm caudal to the parotid
papilla (at the level of last molar)

86
Q

Where is the mandibular salivary gland located and where does the duct empty

A

Ventral to parotid sg in carnivores
* Partially covered by the parotid salivary gland
* In the dog it lies between the
linguofacial and maxillary veins.
* Mandibular duct empties at the sublingual caruncle

87
Q

Clin sig of mandibular salivary gland

A

The large, mandibular sg is easy to feel at the angle of the jaw.
Note: The smaller, more mobile
mandibular lnn (10) lie just rostral to the sg. Telling them apart in the living dog takes practice

88
Q

What are the circumoral glands and i what species are they present

A

Modified sebaceous glands for grooming in a cat

89
Q
A

Circumoral glands

Eating and Eliminating (9 decks)

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