Equine Abdomen Flashcards
Stomach location in the horse
within the intrathoracic part of the abdomen most on the left side (like feline)
Stomach size in liters
5-15 L
Name the part of the left part of the stomach related the the base of the spleen
saccus cecus
Where is the glandular and non-glandular part of the stomach
Non-glandular: fundus and cardia
Glandular: pyloric region
Name the line between the glandular and non-glandular portions
margo plicatus
What is unique about the greater omentum in the horse
Short
attached the transverse colon
Name the 4 ligaments of the greater omentum
Gastrophrenic lig. (cardia to crura of diaphragm)
Gastrosplenic lig.
Phrenicosplenic lig.
Renosplenic lig.
Name the ligaments of the lesser omentum
Hepatogastric lig + Hepatoduodenal lig.
What makes up the suspensory lig of the spleen
Renosplenic (nephrosplenic) lig and phrenicosplenic lig
True or false: the spleen can be palpated per rectum
true (only the caudal base)
1) dorsal border
2) renal surface
3) phrenicosplenic lig
4) splenic artery and vein
5) gastric surface
6) gastrosplenic lig (greater omentum)
7) cranial border
8) caudal border
9) intestinal surface
10) renosplenic (nephorsplenic lig)
What is the space formed by the left kidney and the dorsal edge of the spleen
Name its clin sig
renosplenic/nephrosplenic space
nephrosplenic ligament entrapment (NSLE) of the left colon (dorsal and ventral)
Name species differences for equine liver
no gall bladder
no papillary process
right lobe is not divided
1) Caudate process
2) Right lobe
3) Quadrate lobe (with fissured border)
4) falciform and round ligament
5) Left lateral lobe
6) Left medial lobe
7) left lateral lobe
Where is the liver located and why is it difficult to obtain a biopsy
Entirely within the thoracic cage mostly on the right
completely overlapped by the lung
Dorsal to right dorsal colon
What clinical condition can occur due to the liver’s location
Pressure atrophy of the Rt. liver lobe: due to repeated episodes of impaction in the rt. dorsal colon.
What/Where is the epiploic foramen
small, natural, slit-like opening that act as a potential space of communication between the peritoneal cavity and the omental bursa in the right cranial abdomen
Clin sig of epiploic foramen
Antegrade incarceration: more common, jejunum enters omental bursa via epiploic foramen (right to left)
Retrograde incarceration: jejunum pushed greater omentum in front of it through the epiploic foramen and comes out the right side (left to right)
What structures close to the epiploic formamen are a major concern in incarceration tx
Portal vein and caudal vena cava
Describe the pancreas position
primarily positioned to the right
sublumbar, caudal to the stomach & liver
What is a unique feature of the pancreas
pancreatic ring (body of pancreas is completely surrounds the portal vein)
describe the duodenal papilla in the horse
Major and minor are opposite to eachother
major: has bile and pancreatic duct
minor: has accessory pancreatic duct
note: even though there is no gall bladder there is still and bile duct
Name the cavity where the bile and pancreatic duct empty into in the major duodenal papilla
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Name unique feature of the cranial duodenum
duodenal ampulla and sigmoid loop
name mesenteric attachment of the cranial part of the duodenum
hepatoduodenal lig
name mesenteric attachment of the descending duodenum
mesoduodenum (which contains right lobe of pancreas)
name mesenteric attachment of the caudal duodenal flexure/transverse duodenum
Surrounds the cr. Mesenteric a. caudally.
- Cecoduodenal lig. (cecum)
- Renoduodenal lig. (Rt. Kidney)
name mesenteric attachment of the ascending duodenum
Duodenocolic fold ( attach to transverse colon & desc. colon)
Does the duodenum have a constant or inconstant position and why
Has a constant position because of several attachments and short mesentery
Name 9-11
9) pyloric region
10) duodenal ampulla
11) cranial duodenal flexure
Where is the jejunum located
left dorsal abdomen
Name clinical conditions associated with the jejunum and ileum
Volvulus
Intussusception
Entrapment & incarceration into:
the epiploic foramen or tunica vaginalis.
Where does the ileum enter into
medial surface of base of cecum at
ileoCECAL opening
(vs ileocolic opening in carnivores)
What is seen intraluminally at the ileocecal opening and what does it do
ileal papilla: annular folds of mucous membrane which contains a network of veins.
When these veins are engorged with blood, the ileal opening is narrowed and act as functional vascular sphincter along with the contribution of the circular layer of muscularis externa.
Clin sig of ileocecal opening
Site of intussussception
1) Ileocecal orifice (surrounded by ileal papilla)
2. cecocolic orifice
3. body of cecum
4. right ventral colon.
Describe the cecum base position (base, body and apex)
Base
- partly in RIGHT paralumbar fossa
- partially covered by ribs
- the ileum enters & RVC leaves
Describe the cecum body position
Body
- found one hands-width caudal to costal arch
sinks within the abdomen to lie on the floor
between the ventral parts of ascending colon.
Describe the cecum apex position
Apex
-lies on body floor one hands-width caudal to xiphoid process
What can be used as a guide for where the right dorsal and right ventral colon separate
costal arch
Describe how the cecocolic orifice closes
no muscular cecal sphincter at ceco-colic
orifice but there is cecocolic valve formed by
two mucosal folds.
Where does the cecum enter into
right ventral colon
Clin sig of cecocolic opening
site of cecal impact
Clin condition associated with the cecum
Sand impaction/sand colic
What does the cecocolic fold attach and clin sig
cecum to right ventral colon
- used to gently pull out the cecum
during surgery
What is attached to the dorsal band/taenia of the cecum
ileocecal fold
What is attached to the lateral band/taenia of the cecum
ceco-colic fold with the lateral band of the RVC.
What is attached to the medial band/taenia of the cecum
nothing
What is attached to the ventral band/taenia of the cecum
nothing
The ventral band is palpable during rectal examination - it lacks vessels, fat, lymph nodes or peritoneal attachments
What structure lies lateral to the base of the cecum and should be avoided in trocarisation
descending duodenum
Describe the fixation of the ascending colon and clin sig
Asc colon is NOT FIXED EXCEPT its beginning (at the base of cecum) & its end (transverse colon) but the ventral & dorsal colons are connected by short intercolic lig. (ascending mesocolon)
acts like a piston to help with respiration while running
Where is the ascending colon in relation to the root of the mesentery
to the right
List the parts of the ascending colon in order
Rt. Vent colon, sternal f., lt. vent. C., pelvic f., lt. Dorsal c., Diaph. f., rt. Dorsal colon
describe transverse colon fixation
-Tightly bound to dorsal body wall
by the transverse mesocolon
- Fixed with asc. duod by the
duodenocolic fold
Where is the transverse colon located compared to cr mesenteric a and root of mesentery
cranial to it
How can you visually distinguish the ventral from dorsal parts of the large colon
ventral is more sacculated
dorsal is smoother
List the potential points of obstruction and why
at diameter changes and flexures
ileocecal opening
cecocolic opening
pelvic flexure
sternal flexure
Where right dorsal enters transverse colon
How to identify descending colon
sacculation (fecal ball appearance)
long descending mesocolon (do not confuse with mesojejunum - no jejunal arches, lymph nodes close to colon)
What cranial mesenteric artery is not present in equine
antimesenteric br of the cecal artery
What does the colic branch artery supply
ascending colon NEAR CECUM (right and left ventral colon)
What does the right colic artery supply
asc. colon AWAY FROM CECUM (right and left dorsal colon up to pelvic flexure)
1) colic br of ileocolic artery
2) right colic artery
3) middle colic artery
4) cranial mesenteric artery
5) ileocolic artery
6) lateral cecal artery
7) medial cecal artery
What is equine verminous arteritis
Srongylus vulgaris larvae
- migrate from the intestine to cranial mesenteric A. → aneurysms, thrombosis & blocking blood supply to a portion of the small intestine or cecum → necrosis.
What structures can be felt by rectal palpation
spleen
small intestine
pelvic flexure
cecal palpation
aorta
What type of kidneys do horses have
similar to carnivores-
smooth unipapillary
What is unique to equine kidneys
terminal recesses- collect urine from psuedopapillae
mucus glands: in the renal pelvis & proximal ureters, mucous secretions make urine Cloudy,
frothy and turbid which is NORMAL in
equine.
list 1-8
1) renal cortex
2) renal medulla
3) ureter
4) renal pelvis
5) terminal recess
6) papillary ducts
7) renal artery
8) interlobar arteries
