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Eating and Eliminating > Equine Abdomen > Flashcards

Equine Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Stomach location in the horse

A

within the intrathoracic part of the abdomen most on the left side (like feline)

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2
Q

Stomach size in liters

A

5-15 L

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3
Q

Name the part of the left part of the stomach related the the base of the spleen

A

saccus cecus

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4
Q

Where is the glandular and non-glandular part of the stomach

A

Non-glandular: fundus and cardia
Glandular: pyloric region

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5
Q

Name the line between the glandular and non-glandular portions

A

margo plicatus

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6
Q

What is unique about the greater omentum in the horse

A

Short
attached the transverse colon

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7
Q

Name the 4 ligaments of the greater omentum

A

Gastrophrenic lig. (cardia to crura of diaphragm)

Gastrosplenic lig.

Phrenicosplenic lig.

Renosplenic lig.

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8
Q

Name the ligaments of the lesser omentum

A

Hepatogastric lig + Hepatoduodenal lig.

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9
Q

What makes up the suspensory lig of the spleen

A

Renosplenic (nephrosplenic) lig and phrenicosplenic lig

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10
Q

True or false: the spleen can be palpated per rectum

A

true (only the caudal base)

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11
Q
A

1) dorsal border
2) renal surface
3) phrenicosplenic lig
4) splenic artery and vein
5) gastric surface
6) gastrosplenic lig (greater omentum)
7) cranial border
8) caudal border
9) intestinal surface
10) renosplenic (nephorsplenic lig)

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12
Q

What is the space formed by the left kidney and the dorsal edge of the spleen
Name its clin sig

A

renosplenic/nephrosplenic space

nephrosplenic ligament entrapment (NSLE) of the left colon (dorsal and ventral)

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13
Q

Name species differences for equine liver

A

no gall bladder
no papillary process
right lobe is not divided

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14
Q
A

1) Caudate process
2) Right lobe
3) Quadrate lobe (with fissured border)
4) falciform and round ligament
5) Left lateral lobe
6) Left medial lobe
7) left lateral lobe

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15
Q

Where is the liver located and why is it difficult to obtain a biopsy

A

Entirely within the thoracic cage mostly on the right
completely overlapped by the lung
Dorsal to right dorsal colon

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16
Q

What clinical condition can occur due to the liver’s location

A

Pressure atrophy of the Rt. liver lobe: due to repeated episodes of impaction in the rt. dorsal colon.

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17
Q

What/Where is the epiploic foramen

A

small, natural, slit-like opening that act as a potential space of communication between the peritoneal cavity and the omental bursa in the right cranial abdomen

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18
Q

Clin sig of epiploic foramen

A

Antegrade incarceration: more common, jejunum enters omental bursa via epiploic foramen (right to left)

Retrograde incarceration: jejunum pushed greater omentum in front of it through the epiploic foramen and comes out the right side (left to right)

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19
Q

What structures close to the epiploic formamen are a major concern in incarceration tx

A

Portal vein and caudal vena cava

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20
Q

Describe the pancreas position

A

primarily positioned to the right

sublumbar, caudal to the stomach & liver

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21
Q

What is a unique feature of the pancreas

A

pancreatic ring (body of pancreas is completely surrounds the portal vein)

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22
Q

describe the duodenal papilla in the horse

A

Major and minor are opposite to eachother

major: has bile and pancreatic duct
minor: has accessory pancreatic duct

note: even though there is no gall bladder there is still and bile duct

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23
Q

Name the cavity where the bile and pancreatic duct empty into in the major duodenal papilla

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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24
Q

Name unique feature of the cranial duodenum

A

duodenal ampulla and sigmoid loop

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25
Q

name mesenteric attachment of the cranial part of the duodenum

A

hepatoduodenal lig

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26
Q

name mesenteric attachment of the descending duodenum

A

mesoduodenum (which contains right lobe of pancreas)

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27
Q

name mesenteric attachment of the caudal duodenal flexure/transverse duodenum

A

Surrounds the cr. Mesenteric a. caudally.
- Cecoduodenal lig. (cecum)
- Renoduodenal lig. (Rt. Kidney)

28
Q

name mesenteric attachment of the ascending duodenum

A

Duodenocolic fold ( attach to transverse colon & desc. colon)

29
Q

Does the duodenum have a constant or inconstant position and why

A

Has a constant position because of several attachments and short mesentery

30
Q

Name 9-11

A

9) pyloric region
10) duodenal ampulla
11) cranial duodenal flexure

31
Q

Where is the jejunum located

A

left dorsal abdomen

32
Q

Name clinical conditions associated with the jejunum and ileum

A

Volvulus

Intussusception

Entrapment & incarceration into:
the epiploic foramen or tunica vaginalis.

33
Q

Where does the ileum enter into

A

medial surface of base of cecum at
ileoCOLIC opening
(vs ileocolic opening in carnivores)

34
Q

What is seen intraluminally at the ileocecal opening and what does it do

A

ileal papilla: annular folds of mucous membrane which contains a network of veins.

When these veins are engorged with blood, the ileal opening is narrowed and act as functional vascular sphincter along with the contribution of the circular layer of muscularis externa.

35
Q

Clin sig of ileocecal opening

A

Site of intussussception

36
Q
A

1) Ileocecal orifice (surrounded by ileal papilla)
2. cecocolic orifice
3. body of cecum
4. right ventral colon.

37
Q

Describe the cecum base position (base, body and apex)

A

Base
- partly in RIGHT paralumbar fossa
- partially covered by ribs
- the ileum enters & RVC leaves

38
Q

Describe the cecum body position

A

Body
- found one hands-width caudal to costal arch
sinks within the abdomen to lie on the floor
between the ventral parts of ascending colon.

39
Q

Describe the cecum apex position

A

Apex
-lies on body floor one hands-width caudal to xiphoid process

40
Q

What can be used as a guide for where the right dorsal and right ventral colon separate

A

costal arch

41
Q

Describe how the cecocolic orifice closes

A

no muscular cecal sphincter at ceco-colic
orifice but there is cecocolic valve formed by
two mucosal folds.

42
Q

Where does the cecum enter into

A

right ventral colon

43
Q

Clin sig of cecocolic opening

A

site of cecal impact

44
Q

Clin condition associated with the cecum

A

Sand impaction/sand colic

45
Q

What does the cecocolic fold attach and clin sig

A

cecum to right ventral colon
- used to gently pull out the cecum
during surgery

46
Q

What is attached to the dorsal band/taenia of the cecum

A

ileocecal fold

47
Q

What is attached to the lateral band/taenia of the cecum

A

ceco-colic fold with the lateral band of the RVC.

48
Q

What is attached to the medial band/taenia of the cecum

A

nothing

49
Q

What is attached to the ventral band/taenia of the cecum

A

nothing
The ventral band is palpable during rectal examination - it lacks vessels, fat, lymph nodes or peritoneal attachments

50
Q

What structure lies lateral to the base of the cecum and should be avoided in trocarisation

A

descending duodenum

51
Q

Describe the fixation of the ascending colon and clin sig

A

Asc colon is NOT FIXED EXCEPT its beginning (at the base of cecum) & its end (transverse colon) but the ventral & dorsal colons are connected by short intercolic lig. (ascending mesocolon)

acts like a piston to help with respiration while running

52
Q

Where is the ascending colon in relation to the root of the mesentery

A

to the right

53
Q

List the parts of the ascending colon in order

A

Rt. Vent colon, sternal f., lt. vent. C., pelvic f., lt. Dorsal c., Diaph. f., rt. Dorsal colon

54
Q

describe transverse colon fixation

A

-Tightly bound to dorsal body wall
by the transverse mesocolon
- Fixed with asc. duod by the
duodenocolic fold

55
Q

Where is the transverse colon located compared to cr mesenteric a and root of mesentery

A

cranial to it

56
Q

How can you visually distinguish the ventral from dorsal parts of the large colon

A

ventral is more sacculated
dorsal is smoother

57
Q

List the potential points of obstruction and why

A

at diameter changes and flexures
ileocecal opening
cecocolic opening
pelvic flexure
sternal flexure
Where right dorsal enters transverse colon

58
Q

How to identify descending colon

A

sacculation (fecal ball appearance)
long descending mesocolon (do not confuse with mesojejunum - no jejunal arches, lymph nodes close to colon)

59
Q

What cranial mesenteric artery is not present in equine

A

antimesenteric br of the cecal artery

60
Q

What does the colic branch artery supply

A

ascending colon NEAR CECUM (right and left ventral colon)

61
Q

What does the right colic artery supply

A

asc. colon AWAY FROM CECUM (right and left dorsal colon up to pelvic flexure)

62
Q
A

1) colic br of ileocolic artery
2) right colic artery
3) middle colic artery
4) cranial mesenteric artery
5) ileocolic artery
6) lateral cecal artery
7) medial cecal artery

63
Q

What is equine verminous arteritis

A

Srongylus vulgaris larvae
- migrate from the intestine to cranial mesenteric A. → aneurysms, thrombosis & blocking blood supply to a portion of the small intestine or cecum → necrosis.

64
Q

What structures can be felt by rectal palpation

A

spleen
small intestine
pelvic flexure
cecal palpation
aorta

65
Q

What type of kidneys do horses have

A

similar to carnivores-
smooth unipapillary

66
Q

What is unique to equine kidneys

A

terminal recesses- collect urine from psuedopapillae

mucus glands: in the renal pelvis & proximal ureters, mucous secretions make urine Cloudy,
frothy and turbid which is NORMAL in
equine.

67
Q

list 1-8

A

1) renal cortex
2) renal medulla
3) ureter
4) renal pelvis
5) terminal recess
6) papillary ducts
7) renal artery
8) interlobar arteries

Eating and Eliminating (9 decks)

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