Rules of English consonant allophones Flashcards
Consonants are longer when …
At the end of a word
Voiceless stops (i.e., / p, t, k /) are aspirated when …
Preceding a vowel at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable
Voiced obstruents—stops and fricatives— are voiced through only a small part of the articulation when…
At the end of a word or before a voiceless sound.
Voiced stops and affricates are voiceless when …
Syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound
Voiceless stops / p, t, k / are unaspirated after…
/ s /
Voiceless obstruents are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents when…
At the end of a syllable
The approximants /w, r, j, l / are at least partially voiceless when they occur after…
Initial voiceless stops / p, t, k /
Stops are unreleased when …
At the end of words (free variation) or before another stop
/ p, t, k / are sometimes accompanied or replaced by an overlapping glottal stop gesture when …
Syllable final ([sæʔ],[saeʔ͡t] for /saet/)
/ t / is replaced by a glottal stop when …
Before an alveolar nasal in the same word (beaten [‘biʔn̩])
Nasals are syllabic when …
At the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent
The liquids / l, r / are syllabic at the end of a word when …
Immediately after a
consonant.
Alveolar stops and [alveolar nasal followed by stop] sequences become voiced taps when …
Between 2 vowels the second of which is unstressed
Alveolar consonants become dentals when …
Before dental consonants
Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when …
Between 2 consonants
Epenthesis : a homorganic voiceless stop may occur when …
After a nasal and before a voiceless
fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word. ([“sʌmpθiŋ ] for something)
A consonant is shortened when …
Before an identical consonant
Velar stops become more front when …
Before more front vowels
The lateral / l / is velarized when …
After a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word
