CH7 Non english consonants Flashcards

1
Q

Bilabial fricatives

A

Bringing the two lips nearly together, so that there is only a slit between them
Active : lower lip
Passive : upper lip
ɸ (voiceless bilabial fricative), β (voiced bilabial fricative)

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2
Q

Labiodental nasal

A

Active : lower lip
Passive : teeth
Nasal [ɱ]
- may occur when /m/ is before /f /, as in “emphasis”in English

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3
Q

Dental

A

Active : tongue tip
Passive : teeth
stops [t̪, d̪, n̪]

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4
Q

Alveolar

A

Active : Tongue tip
Passive : Alveolar ridge
lateral fricatives voiceless ɬ, voiceled ɮ, tap ɾ, etc.

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5
Q

Retroflex ‘Place’ of Articulation

A

Passive articulator: alveo-palatal region
Active articulator: underside of the tongue

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6
Q

Retroflex stops are common in…

A

South Asia and Australia; absent in English

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7
Q

Retroflex in the IPA

A

Hook on the bottom of the alveolar facing right
Plosives : [ ʈ, ɖ]
Fricatives : [ ʂ, ʐ]
Nasal : [ ɳ ]
Tap : [ ɽ ]

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8
Q

Retroflex examples

A

retroflex nasal [ɳ] in Tamil
Alvolar [s] vs retroflex [ʂ] (sounds like ‘sh’) in Russian, Polish, Mandarin

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9
Q

Palato/postalveolar

A

Active : tongue blade
Passive : alveolar ridge (back)
Fricatives [ʃ, ʒ]

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10
Q

Palatals

A

Active : tongue front
Passive : Hard palate
Plosives [c, ɟ]
Nasal [ɲ]
Fricatives [ç, ʝ]
Approximant [j]
Lateral approximant [ʎ]

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11
Q

Velars

A

Active : tongue body
Passive : soft palate (velum)
Velar fricatives [x, ɣ]

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12
Q

Uvulars

A

Active : tongue back
Passive : uvula
plosives [q, ɢ], fricatives [χ, ʁ]

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13
Q

Pharyngeal (/epiglottal)

A

Active : tongue root
Passive : back wall of pharynx
fricatives [ħ, ʕ] (e.g. in Arabic)
Leaves a narrow opening with turbulent airflow

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14
Q

Pharyngeal ____ are rare and very difficult to articulate and are often in free variation with
fricatives

A

Stops

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15
Q

Epiglottals

A

Active : Epiglottis
Passive : Back wall of pharynx
Fricatives [ʜ, ʢ]

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16
Q

Labio-Velars/labial velars

A

Simultaneous labial and velar constrictions
approximants [w] and [ʍ]
Sequence of velar and labial with a tie-bar
[k͡p], [ɡ͡b], [ŋ͡m]

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17
Q

Malayalam nasals

A

Bilabial [m]
Dental [n̪]
Alveolar [n]
Retroflex [ɳ]
Palatal [ɲ]
Velar [ŋ]

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18
Q

Mandarin fricatives

A

Labiodental [f]
Dental [s], [ts], [tsʰ]
Retroflex [ʂ], [tʂ], [tʂʰ]
Alveopalatal [ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ]
Velar [x]

19
Q

Quechua obstruents

A

Voiceless [tʃ, tʃʰ, tʃʼ]
Voiceless [k, kʰ, kʼ]
Voiceless uvular [q, qʰ, qʼ]

20
Q

Prenasalized stop

A
  1. Oral closure is formed , while the soft palate is lowered.
  2. Short nasal consonant
  3. Soft palate is raised so that there is a stop.
  4. Stop is released by removing the oral closure while the soft palate remains raised
    [nd], e.g. in Swahili [ndizi]
21
Q

Nasal release stops

A

Nasal plosion in English in “sudden” or “hidden”
Can occur at beginning of word in other languages
E.g. in Russian [dno]

22
Q

Stops with lateral release

A

Occur in English “little”
Can occur word initially in other languages [tɬ]

23
Q

Stops with ejective lateral release

A
  1. the stop closure for [t] is formed
  2. the glottalic egressive (ejective) airstream mechanism is set in motion
  3. the stop is released
    laterally by lowering the sides of the tongue
    [tɬʼ] can occur word initially in Navajo
24
Q

Affricated stop

A

[t͜s] in London Cockney English [t͜sɘi] “tea”
[t͜s] and bilabial affricate [pf] in German
Ejective [t͜sʼ] in Navajo

25
Q

Nasal (stop)

A

Soft palate lowered so that air flows out through the nose; complete closure of two articulators
[m, ŋ, n], etc.

26
Q

(Oral) stop

A
  • Soft palate raised, forming a velic closure; complete closure of two articulators
    [ p, b, t ] etc.
27
Q

Fricative

A

Narrowing of two articulators so as to produce a turbulent airstream
[f, ʒ, ʃ, z, s] etc.
Sibilant sounds :
Have more acoustic energy— greater loudness—at a higher pitch
[s, z, ʒ, ʃ]

28
Q

Approximant

A

Approximation of two articulators without producing a turbulent airstream
[w, j, l, ɹ]

29
Q

Trill

A
  • An articulator set in vibration by the airstream
    [ʙ, r, ʀ]
30
Q

Tap

A
  • Tongue tip hitting the roof of the mouth; a single movement in a trill
  • [ɾ]
31
Q

Flap

A
  • One articulator striking another in passing
  • ɽ
32
Q

Lateral

A

With a central obstruction, so that air passes out at the side
- [l] voiced alveolar lateral approximant
- [ʎ] voiced palatal lateral approximant
- [ʟ] voice velar lateral approximant
- [ɮ] voiced lateral fricative
- [ɬ] voiceless lateral fricative

33
Q

Central

A
  • Articulated so that air passes out the center
    [s, ɹ, w] etc.
34
Q

Toda Fricatives

A

Labiodental [f]
Dental [θ]
Dental sibilant [s̪]
Velarized alveolar sibilant [sˠ]
Postalveolar sibilant [ʃ]
Retroflex sibilant [ʂ]
Velar [x]

35
Q

Alveolar trill

A

the tip of the tongue is set in motion by the current of air
Italian /roma/ ‘Rome’
- In free variation with [ɹ] in some British varieties
- Shetland English (North of Scotland)

36
Q

Alveolar tap [ɾ]

A

The tip of the tongue moves up to contact the roof of the mouth in the alveolar region, then moves back to the floor of the mouth along the same path
Greek /ɾomi/

37
Q

Alveolar approximant [ɹ]

A

English /ɹoʊ̯m/

38
Q

retroflex flap [ɽ]

A
  1. The tip of the tongue is curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
  2. The tongue strikes the roof of the mouth in the post-alveolar region as it returns to its position behind the lower front teeth.
    English : flap occurs in words that have an r vowel in the stressed syllable, e.g. dirty and sorting
    Hindi : /ləɽnɑː/ ‘to fight’
39
Q

Uvular trill [ʀ]

A

French /ʀɔm/
Was originally alveolar trill [r]
Started being pronounced [ʀ] in Paris and then spread

40
Q

voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]

A

Hebrew /ʁoma/ ‘Rome’
- [ʁ] is a common rhotic sound in free variation in French (voiceless uvular fricative [χ] too)

41
Q

Tap vs Trill distinction

A

E.g. Spanish: perro [pero] ‘dog’ vs pero [peɾo] ‘but’
Same articulatory mechanism
Bernoulli’s principle
Tap = single vibration cycle
*Trill = multiple vibration cycle

42
Q

Description of airflow inside the oral tract

A

Can be lateral or central

43
Q

Lateral vs central

A

Lateral : any time airflow passes along the side of the tongue
Central : Trills are always centrally articulated, but flaps can be made with either a central or a lateral articulation

44
Q

Impossible sounds

A
  1. Voiced glottal plosive
  2. Pharyngeal and glottal nasals
  3. Velar trill
  4. Bilabial, labiodental, pharyngeal and glottals lateral fricatives
  5. Bilabial, labiodental, pharyngeal and glottals lateral approximants