Chapter 3 Flashcards
Aspiration
Voicelessness after stop, before voicing of vowel
When voicing during stop closure occurs
In the middle of a word with a voiced
sound on either side
When there is no voicing of voiced stops
In word initial position, or after a voiceless sound
Aspiration in wave forms
Spike at the burst when the stop closure is released, then period of very small semi-random variations during the aspiration
Unaspirated stops in wave forms
Small gap between the burst and the start of the vowel wave
Vowels are shorter before ____voiced/voiceless stops
Voiceless
Syllable final voiceless consonants
are longer than voiced consonants after _____
Vowels
Glottal stops happen just before final ______ voiced/voiceless stops
Voiceless
Nasal plosion
When a voiced stop and a nasal occur in the same word, the tongue stays at the stop place of articulation for the nasal. The air pressure built up behind the stop closure is released through the nose by the lowering of the soft palate for the nasal consonant. [‘hIdn̩]
Nasal plosion occurs only if there
is no _____ stop, or if the ____ stop is released after the alveolar closure has been made and before the velum is lowered.
Glottal
Homorganic sounds
When two sounds have the same place of articulation
For nasal plosition to occur, there must be a stop followed by a ____ nasal
A homorganic nasal
Lateral plosion
When an alveolar stop [t] or [d] occurs before a homorganic lateral [l], as in little [‘lItl̩]
The air pressure built up during the stop is released by lowering the sides of the tongue
In American English, whenever / t / occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed syllable other than [n̩], it is changed into …
A voiced sound [d].
Tongue movement in tapping [ɾ]
Tongue tip is thrown against the alveolar ridge
When tapping occurs (for Americans)
When / d / is after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel; or /t/ in between vowels
When a vowel occurs before one of the voiceless stops / p, t, k / or voiceless fricatives (any voiceless consonant) it
is _____ than it would be before one of the voiced stops / b, d, g/ or voiced fricatives (any voiced consonant)
Shorter
A voiceless stop or fricative at the end of a syllable is _____ than the corresponding voiced stop or fricative
Longer
The final stops and fricatives classified as voiced are not actually voiced throughout the articulation unless the adjacent sounds are _____
Voiced
Stops and fricatives form the class of _____
Obstruents
Secondary articulation
Lesser degree of closure by
two articulators not involved in the primary articulation
Labialization (secondary articulation)
2 articulators (the lower lip and the upper lip) approach one another but not sufficiently to cause friction
Which fricatives are labialized ?
The English /ʃ/, /ʒ/ are
strongly labialized, and the fricatives / / s, z / are slightly labialized
Affricate
Stop followed by an homorganic fricative
Mark that indicates a consonant is syllabic
[ˌ]
Consonants that can be syllabic when they occur at the end of words
nasals and [l, r]
Voiced central approximants
/ w, r, j /
Approximants are mostly voiceless when they follow a …
Voiceless stop / p, t, k/
Voicelessness symbol
[̥]
Velarization (dark [ɫ])
The arching upward of the back of the tongue forms a secondary articulation in coda position
Voiceless approximant
[ʍ], pronounced [hw] (rare, found in more uncommon W words)
Anticipatory coarticulation
When a second articulation starts during the first articulation
Intrinsic allophones
When differences between allophones are the result of overlapping gestures
Extrinsic allophones
When allophones require different gestures
