Chapter 1 Flashcards
Making speech gestures audible involves pushing air out of the ____ while producing a noise in the throat or mouth
Lungs
Basic source of power in nearly all speech sounds
Respiratory system
Air pathway
Lung, trachea, larynx, vocal folds, pharynx, mouth
Voiced sounds
Vibrating vocal folds
Voiceless sounds
Vocal folds are apart
Vocal tract
Air passages above the larynx
2 parts of the vocal tract
Oral tract (within mouth and larynx) and nasal tract (within nose)
When the flap at the
back of the mouth is lowered, air goes in and out through the ___
Nose
Nasal sounds are produced with air going __in/out through the nose
Out
Articulators
Parts of the vocal tracts used to form sounds (tongue and lips)
Airstream process
All of the ways of pushing air out (or in) that provide the power for speech
Phonation process
Actions of the vocal folds (voiced or voiceless)
Oro-nasal process
Possibility of the airstream going out
through the mouth when the velum is raised (e.g. in fricatives) or the nose when the velum is lowered (e.g. in nasals)
3 levels of speech sounds
(1) pitch, (2) loudness, and (3) quality
Sound consists of small variations in air ____ that occur very rapidly one
after another
Pressure
In voiced sounds, vibrating vocal folds make air alternate between high and low ____
Pressure
Air pressure rises with ___less/more vocal folds vibration
More
Low amplitude means low/high loudness
Low
Low amplitude or voiceless sounds are linked to smaller/bigger, more random variations in air pressure
Smaller
Voiced sounds have regular, ___smaller/bigger variations in air pressure
Bigger
The articulators that form the ___lower/higher surface of the vocal tract are highly mobile
Lower
Direction of movement of articulators
From low to high
Alveolar ridge
Proteburance just behind the upper teeth
Front part of the roof of the mouth
Hard palate
Soft palate
Muscular flap that can be raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx
Velic closure
When the soft palate is shutting off the nasal tract, preventing air from going out through the nose. It separates the nasal tract from
the oral tract so that the air can go out only through the mouth.
Uvula
Small appendage hanging down the lower end of the soft palate
The part of the vocal tract between the uvula and the larynx
Pharynx
The tip and blade of the
____ are the most mobile parts
Tongue
Front of the tongue
Forward part of the body of the tongue that lies underneath the hard palate when the tongue is at rest
Center of the tongue
Partly beneath the hard palate and partly beneath the soft palate
Back of the tongue
Beneath the soft palate
Root of the tongue
Opposite the back wall of the pharynx
Epiglottis
Attached to the lower part of the root of the tongue.
Mid-sagittal view
Two-dimensional diagram that shows just the midline of the tongue
In order to form consonants, the airstream through the vocal tract must be _____ in some way.
Obstructed
Primary articulators that can cause an obstruction in most languages
Lips, the tongue tip and blade, and the back of the tongue.
Labial articulations
Speech gestures using the lips
Coronal articulations
Using the tip or blade of the tongue
Dorsal articulations
Using the back of the tongue
Bilabial sounds
Made with the 2 lips
Labiodental sounds
Lower lip and upper front teeth
Dental
Tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth
Interdental
Sounds in which the tongue protrudes between the teeth
Alveolar
Tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge
Retroflex
Tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge
Palato-Alveolar
Tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge.
Palatal
Front of the tongue and hard palate
Velar
Back of the tongue and soft palate
Labials
Bilabial and labiodental
Coronals
Dental, alveolar, retroflex, and palato-alveolar (postalveolar)
Dorsal
Velar
In most speech, the soft palate is raised so that there is a velic ____opening/closure.
Closure
Nasal consonant
When the soft palate is lowered and there is an obstruction in the mouth
Oral stop/plosives
In addition to the articulatory closure in the mouth, the soft palate is raised so that the nasal tract is blocked off, and the airstream will be
completely obstructed. Pressure in the mouth will build up
Nasal stop
The air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so
that air can go out through the nose
The word stop is commonly used to imply a complete stoppage of
the airflow through both…
The nose and the mouth (oral stops)
Fricative
Close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced
Sibilants
Higher-pitched fricatives with a
more obvious hiss, such as those in sigh, shy
Approximant
A gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced
Lateral (Approximant)
Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth
Taps
The tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge
Affricate
The articulators (tongue tip or blade and alveolar ridge) come together for the stop and then, instead of coming fully apart, separate only slightly, so that a fricative is made at approximately the same place of articulation.
Glottal stop
Stop at beginning of words starting with a vowel
Front vowel
The tongue tip is down behind the
lower front teeth, and the body of the tongue is domed upward
Back vowels
The tongue is close to the back
surface of the vocal tract.
3 levels of vowels
(1) the height of the body of the tongue; (2) the front–back position
of the tongue; and (3) the degree of lip rounding.
Vowels contain a number of different ____ simultaneously
Pitches
The pitch at which the vowel is spoken depends on the ____ being produced by the vibrating vocal folds
Pulses
Overtone pitches depend on the shape of the resonating ____ of the vocal tract.
Cavities
What gives the vowel its distinctive quality
The pitches of the overtones
The only sensation of pitch is the note on which the vowel is said,
which depends on the rate of _____ of the vocal folds
Vibration
Higher overtone
Goes downward and corresponds roughly to the difference between front and back vowels
Vowel height overtone direction of pitch
Low for vowels in which the tongue position is high and high for vowels in which the tongue position is low.
Formants
Overtones of the vowels
First formant
Lower pitch
Second formant
Higher pitch
Suprasegmentals
Variations in stress, pitch and length
Stress in English is
produced by …
(1) increased activity of the respiratory muscles, producing greater loudness
(2) exaggeration of consonant and vowel properties, such as vowel height and stop aspiration
(3) exaggeration of pitch so that low
pitches are lower and high pitches are higher
Pitch changes due to variations in _____ activity can occur independently
of stress changes.
Laryngeal
Pitch changes
Change of rate of vibration of the vocal folds
Each opening and closing of the vocal folds causes ____ of
air pressure in the sound wave
A peak
Frequency (Hz)
Number of complete repetitions (cycles) of a pattern of air pressure variation occurring in a second.
1 Hertz (Hz) correspond to…
Number of closing and opening movement/second
When a speech sound goes _____ in frequency, it also goes _____ in pitch.
Up
The pitch of a sound may be equated with its fundamental _____
Frequency
The pitch pattern in a sentence is known as the _______
Intonation
Children and women have a higher ____
Pitch
Mainly rising intonation indicates …
A question
