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Phonetics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Making speech gestures audible involves pushing air out of the ____ while producing a noise in the throat or mouth

A

Lungs

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2
Q

Basic source of power in nearly all speech sounds

A

Respiratory system

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3
Q

Air pathway

A

Lung, trachea, larynx, vocal folds, pharynx, mouth

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4
Q

Voiced sounds

A

Vibrating vocal folds

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5
Q

Voiceless sounds

A

Vocal folds are apart

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6
Q

Vocal tract

A

Air passages above the larynx

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7
Q

2 parts of the vocal tract

A

Oral tract (within mouth and larynx) and nasal tract (within nose)

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8
Q

When the flap at the
back of the mouth is lowered, air goes in and out through the ___

A

Nose

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9
Q

Nasal sounds are produced with air going __in/out through the nose

A

Out

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10
Q

Articulators

A

Parts of the vocal tracts used to form sounds (tongue and lips)

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11
Q

Airstream process

A

All of the ways of pushing air out (or in) that provide the power for speech

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12
Q

Phonation process

A

Actions of the vocal folds (voiced or voiceless)

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13
Q

Oro-nasal process

A

Possibility of the airstream going out
through the mouth when the velum is raised (e.g. in fricatives) or the nose when the velum is lowered (e.g. in nasals)

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14
Q

3 levels of speech sounds

A

(1) pitch, (2) loudness, and (3) quality

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15
Q

Sound consists of small variations in air ____ that occur very rapidly one
after another

A

Pressure

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16
Q

In voiced sounds, vibrating vocal folds make air alternate between high and low ____

A

Pressure

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17
Q

Air pressure rises with ___less/more vocal folds vibration

A

More

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18
Q

Low amplitude means low/high loudness

A

Low

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19
Q

Low amplitude or voiceless sounds are linked to smaller/bigger, more random variations in air pressure

A

Smaller

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20
Q

Voiced sounds have regular, ___smaller/bigger variations in air pressure

A

Bigger

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21
Q

The articulators that form the ___lower/higher surface of the vocal tract are highly mobile

A

Lower

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22
Q

Direction of movement of articulators

A

From low to high

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23
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

Proteburance just behind the upper teeth

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24
Q

Front part of the roof of the mouth

A

Hard palate

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25
Q

Soft palate

A

Muscular flap that can be raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx

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26
Q

Velic closure

A

When the soft palate is shutting off the nasal tract, preventing air from going out through the nose. It separates the nasal tract from
the oral tract so that the air can go out only through the mouth.

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27
Q

Uvula

A

Small appendage hanging down the lower end of the soft palate

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28
Q

The part of the vocal tract between the uvula and the larynx

A

Pharynx

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29
Q

The tip and blade of the
____ are the most mobile parts

A

Tongue

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30
Q

Front of the tongue

A

Forward part of the body of the tongue that lies underneath the hard palate when the tongue is at rest

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31
Q

Center of the tongue

A

Partly beneath the hard palate and partly beneath the soft palate

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32
Q

Back of the tongue

A

Beneath the soft palate

33
Q

Root of the tongue

A

Opposite the back wall of the pharynx

34
Q

Epiglottis

A

Attached to the lower part of the root of the tongue.

35
Q

Mid-sagittal view

A

Two-dimensional diagram that shows just the midline of the tongue

36
Q

In order to form consonants, the airstream through the vocal tract must be _____ in some way.

A

Obstructed

37
Q

Primary articulators that can cause an obstruction in most languages

A

Lips, the tongue tip and blade, and the back of the tongue.

38
Q

Labial articulations

A

Speech gestures using the lips

39
Q

Coronal articulations

A

Using the tip or blade of the tongue

40
Q

Dorsal articulations

A

Using the back of the tongue

41
Q

Bilabial sounds

A

Made with the 2 lips

42
Q

Labiodental sounds

A

Lower lip and upper front teeth

43
Q

Dental

A

Tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth

44
Q

Interdental

A

Sounds in which the tongue protrudes between the teeth

45
Q

Alveolar

A

Tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge

46
Q

Retroflex

A

Tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge

47
Q

Palato-Alveolar

A

Tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge.

48
Q

Palatal

A

Front of the tongue and hard palate

49
Q

Velar

A

Back of the tongue and soft palate

50
Q

Labials

A

Bilabial and labiodental

51
Q

Coronals

A

Dental, alveolar, retroflex, and palato-alveolar (postalveolar)

52
Q

Dorsal

A

Velar

53
Q

In most speech, the soft palate is raised so that there is a velic ____opening/closure.

A

Closure

54
Q

Nasal consonant

A

When the soft palate is lowered and there is an obstruction in the mouth

55
Q

Oral stop/plosives

A

In addition to the articulatory closure in the mouth, the soft palate is raised so that the nasal tract is blocked off, and the airstream will be
completely obstructed. Pressure in the mouth will build up

56
Q

Nasal stop

A

The air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so
that air can go out through the nose

57
Q

The word stop is commonly used to imply a complete stoppage of
the airflow through both…

A

The nose and the mouth (oral stops)

58
Q

Fricative

A

Close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced

59
Q

Sibilants

A

Higher-pitched fricatives with a
more obvious hiss, such as those in sigh, shy

60
Q

Approximant

A

A gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced

61
Q

Lateral (Approximant)

A

Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth

62
Q

Taps

A

The tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge

63
Q

Affricate

A

The articulators (tongue tip or blade and alveolar ridge) come together for the stop and then, instead of coming fully apart, separate only slightly, so that a fricative is made at approximately the same place of articulation.

64
Q

Glottal stop

A

Stop at beginning of words starting with a vowel

65
Q

Front vowel

A

The tongue tip is down behind the
lower front teeth, and the body of the tongue is domed upward

66
Q

Back vowels

A

The tongue is close to the back
surface of the vocal tract.

67
Q

3 levels of vowels

A

(1) the height of the body of the tongue; (2) the front–back position
of the tongue; and (3) the degree of lip rounding.

68
Q

Vowels contain a number of different ____ simultaneously

A

Pitches

69
Q

The pitch at which the vowel is spoken depends on the ____ being produced by the vibrating vocal folds

A

Pulses

70
Q

Overtone pitches depend on the shape of the resonating ____ of the vocal tract.

A

Cavities

71
Q

What gives the vowel its distinctive quality

A

The pitches of the overtones

72
Q

The only sensation of pitch is the note on which the vowel is said,
which depends on the rate of _____ of the vocal folds

A

Vibration

73
Q

Higher overtone

A

Goes downward and corresponds roughly to the difference between front and back vowels

74
Q

Vowel height overtone direction of pitch

A

Low for vowels in which the tongue position is high and high for vowels in which the tongue position is low.

75
Q

Formants

A

Overtones of the vowels

76
Q

First formant

A

Lower pitch

77
Q

Second formant

A

Higher pitch

78
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

Variations in stress, pitch and length

79
Q

Pitch changes due to variations in ____ activity can occur independently
of stress changes

A

Phonetics (1 decks)

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