Chapter 4

Question 1

More prominent part of a diphthong

Answer 1

First part

Question 2

Diphthong symbol

Answer 2

“nonsyllabic” diacritic
symbol under the 2nd part, e.g. [aɪ̯]

Question 3

Only diphthong with a more prominent part at the end

Answer 3

[ju]

Question 4

r-colored vowel

Answer 4

[ɝ] such as in sir

Question 5

Rhotacization

Answer 5

R-coloring of a vowel

Question 6

2 ways to produce retroflex / rhotacized vowels

Answer 6

1. Tip of the tongue raised like in retroflex consonant
2. Tip of tongue down and high bunched tongue

Question 7

Rhotacized vowels include a restriction of the ____

Answer 7

Pharynx (caused by retraction of part of tongue near epiglottis)

Question 8

Rhotic accent

Answer 8

Allows some form of [r] after a vowel

Question 9

Differences in distribution between accents

Answer 9

Differences in vowel qualities (in which words vowels occur)

Question 10

Differences in systems between accents

Answer 10

Difference in the number of distinct vowels (e.g. caught/cot merger)

Question 11

Third way in whc=ich vowels can differ

Answer 11

Quality (e.g. [mʌɪt] vs [mɛɪt])

Question 12

___ may designate many vowels that have a central, reduced vowel quality.

Answer 12

[ə]

Question 13

All the English vowels can occur in _____stressed/unstressed syllables in their unreduced forms

Answer 13

Unstressed

Question 14

Lax vowels only occur in ___open/closed syllables

Answer 14

Closed

Question 15

Tense vowels can occur in ___open/closed syllables unlike lax vowels

Answer 15

Open

Question 16

There are fewer contrasts before __ and __ in most varieties of English

Answer 16

/ɹ/ /ŋ/

Question 17

Before /ɹ/ we usually find the ___tense/lax counterparts

Answer 17

Tense ( [iɹ] but *[ɪɹ])

Question 18

Before /ŋ/ we usually find the ___tense/lax counterparts

Answer 18

Lax [ɪŋ] but *[iŋ]

Question 19

In reality, pronunciation before /ɹ/ and /ŋ/ is…

Answer 19

Somewhere in between the two extremes (because there is no contrast in quality between lax and tense)

Question 20

The majority of vowels before ʃ are ___lax/tense

Answer 20

Lax

Question 21

Length of a given vowel depending on syllable openness

Answer 21

1. Longest in open syllable
2. Syllable closed by voiced consonant
3. Shortest in a syllable closed by voiceless consonant

Question 22

Vowels are longer in ____ stressed/unstressed syllables

Answer 22

Stressed

Question 23

Vowel length depending on syllable number

Answer 23

1. longest in monosyllabic words
2. words with two syllables,
3. shortest in words with more than two syllables.

Question 24

A reduced vowel may be voiceless when …

Answer 24

After a voiceless stop (and before a voiceless stop)

Question 25

Vowels are nasalized in syllables closed by…

Answer 25

A nasal consonant

Question 26

Vowels are retracted before …

Answer 26

syllable final [ɫ]