Chapter 2 Flashcards
Citation style of speech
Style of speech when carefully pronouncing words
Broad transcription
Simplest form of transcription
Phonology
Description of systems and patterns of sounds of a language
Different phonemes
Can be used to distinguish words
Phonemic transcription
Contains only phonemes
Minimal set
Pair of words that differ only by one sound
Diphthong
Movement from one vowel to another in a single syllable
Caught-cot merger
- Caught [kɔt] vs cot [kɑt]
- UK, Eastern US
- In some varieties of English, original [ɔ] is now pronounced as [ɑ]
- Caught [kɑt] vs cot [kɑt]
3 main components of speech mechanism
The airstream process, the phonation process, and the oro-nasal process
Dental stops
When /t/ or another alveolar occurs before an (interdental) dental fricative (/θ/ /ð/, it is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪]
Diacritics
Added to modify a segment
English Aspiration
In English, /p/, /t/, /k/ preceding a vowel at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable are aspirated to [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ]
English Plural Voicing Assimilation
Plural morpheme of English is sometimes a voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ (after voiceless consonant) and sometimes a voiced alveolar fricative /z/ (after voiced consonant)
Example of free variation
Unreleased stop word-finally in English
Devoicing
Devoiced: after a voiceless stop at the beginning of the word or stressed syllable e.g. [l̥]
Voiced: elsewhere
____ vowels are longer than ____ vowels
tense vowels are notably longer than lax vowels
Allophones
Result of phonological rules, do not create contrast
Dark and clear L
Dark L [ɬ] is articulated by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge and bringing the back of the tongue towards the velum. It appears only in codas.
Tap allophone of /t/ and /d/ symbol
[ɾ]
systematic phonetic transcription
Shows allophones with all the rule-governed alterations between them
impressionistic transcription
Only phonetic transcription with no rules
