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Artificial Intelligence Basics > Rule-based AI > Flashcards

Rule-based AI Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blank: Rule-based AI makes inferences through __________.

A

logic-based rules

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2
Q

What are some logical operators?

A

NOT, AND, OR, etc, IF/ELSE, Loops, etc

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3
Q

What are logic-based rules necessary for?

A

search methods, problem solving algorithms, knowledge processing

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4
Q

True or false: ANN do not use logic-based rules?

A

false

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5
Q

What is logic?

A

the study of the correct principles of reasoning

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6
Q

What is another definition for logic?

A

array of rules or sentences

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7
Q

What is logic a fundamental aspect of?

A

problem-solving and critical thinking

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8
Q

What are two types of logical operations?

A

propositional logic and predicate logic

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9
Q

What is propositional logic?

A

rules that determine the truth/falseness of the whole statement (and, or, xor etc)

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10
Q

What is predicate logic?

A

true or false rules by dividing statements into subjects and predicates (arithmetic operators, relational operators)

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11
Q

What is the symbol for negation?

A

~ for example: ~p (not p)

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12
Q

What is a disjunction?

A

logical OR

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13
Q

What is the symbol for a disjunction?

A

V for example: pVq (p or q)

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14
Q

What is a conjunction?

A

logical AND

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15
Q

What is the symbol for a conjunction?

A

^ for example: p^q (p and q)

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16
Q

What is an implication?

A

a conditional operator read as ‘if p, then q’ (p->q)

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17
Q

What does predicate logic express?

A

knowledge in a logical manor, and relationships between objects

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18
Q

What is inference?

A

the process of solving unknown facts based on known facts or propositions

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19
Q

What are the three types of reasoning?

A

induction, deduction, and analogy

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20
Q

What is another word for induction?

A

generalization

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21
Q

What is induction?

A

drawing general conclusions from individual facts

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22
Q

What is induction used for?

A

to discover and expand new knowledge or theories

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23
Q

What is another word for deduction?

A

specialization

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24
Q

What is deduction?

A

a method of reasoning that draws a different conclusion from premises

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25
Q

Which type of reasoning is the most widely used method?

A

deduction

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26
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of deduction?

A

logical consistency (it is a fact) but lack of expansionability

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27
Q

What is the most important basis for drawing a conclusion in deduction?

A

the first major premise

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28
Q

What is analogy?

A

a method of inferring that because one phenomenon is similar in two objects, another phenomenon will also be similar

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29
Q

What is reasoning?

A

symbolically representing human thought

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30
Q

What is searching?

A

realization as a process from execution

31
Q

What is a state space?

A

a mathematical expression that defines all the possible states a problem can have

32
Q

What are examples of search algorithms?

A

DFS, BFS, Dijkstra algorithm, Heuristic algorithms, A* algorithm, simulated annealing, genetic algorithm

33
Q

What is DFS?

A

depth first search, visit first node, move left/down, etc, of no more vertices, go back up and go right

34
Q

What is a BFS?

A

breadth-first search, visit in order from left to right, then go down a level etc, until there are no more levels to search

35
Q

What is the Dijkstra search technique?

A

a search technique that finds the shortest path in a weighted graph, where edges have different weights

36
Q

What is the A* search technique?

A

extension of the Dijkstra search that uses heuristics to guide the search

37
Q

What kind of graphs is BFS used for?

A

unweighted graphs

38
Q

What kind of graphs is Dijkstra used for?

A

weighted graphs

39
Q

What kind of graphs is A* used for?

A

weighted graphs with a heuristic function

40
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

problem-solving by trial and error by rules that are loosely defined

41
Q

True or false: Heuristic problem solving finds the optimal or perfect solution?

A

false

42
Q

When are heuristic search techniques used?

A

situations in which finding and exact solution is impossible

43
Q

What does uniformed search mean?

A

a search that searches only in a certain order without using prior information

44
Q

What are some examples of uniformed searches?

A

DFS and BFS

45
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

systematically specifying steps to solve a problem (describes detailed features of a method for solving a problem)

46
Q

What are some expression methods of algorithms?

A

flowcharts, pseudocode, and code

47
Q

What is another definition for heuristic algorithms?

A

an inexact algorithm based on intuition

48
Q

What are the positives and negatives of heuristic algorithms?

A

positives: quick and practical, can be used for situations where the exact answer cannot be found
negatives: no guarantee of logical or optimal method, not good for when exact answer is needed

49
Q

What are some examples of using algorithms in everyday life?

A

mathematical operations, following recipes, planning your day, appliance usage manuals, transfer subway directions, AI in AlphaGo

50
Q

What is an example of a heuristic algorithm?

A

simulated annealing

51
Q

What is annealing?

A

a heat treatment process that improves the physical/chemical properties of a material by repeated heating above re-crystallization and cooling down several times

52
Q

What is simulated annealing?

A

an approximation algorithm used for global optimization

53
Q

What is the traveling salesman problem?

A

“Given a list of cities and distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin city?”

54
Q

What is the 8-Queens problem?

A

8 queens must be placed on a chess board in such positions that none of them can attack each other

55
Q

About how many cases does the 8-Queens problem have?

A

4.4 billion

56
Q

Where are semantic networks used?

A

rule-based expert systems

57
Q

What is a semantic network?

A

a knowledge representation technique by organizing and expressing such knowledge, a graph consisting of vertices (concepts) and edges (relationships)

58
Q

What are semantic networks used widely in?

A

NLP and expert systems

59
Q

What is an example of a rule-based system?

A

knowledge base representing facts and inference rules such as if-then statements

60
Q

What is a type of computer advisory system?

A

an expert system

61
Q

What are the core elements of an Expert system?

A

knowledge base, inference engine, UI

62
Q

What does the inference engine do?

A

makes inferences using the knowledge base

63
Q

How are the results of a question to an expert system conveyed to the user?

A

through the UI

64
Q

Why is the expert system getting a lot of attention?

A

can provide solutions to problems that are too complex for traditional algorithms and there have been difficulties in discovering new algorithms after A*

64
Q

Which fields are expert systems very useful for?

A

medicine, finance, and engineering

65
Q

What is the difference between a rule-based system and expert system?

A

expert systems use a knowledge base of human expertise and rule-based systems use a set of rules defined by any user

66
Q

What are examples of current expert systems?

A

mycin, dendral, prospector, airplan, logos, and ask

67
Q

What is mycin used for and who created it?

A

leukemia diagnosis, Stanford university

68
Q

What is dendral used for and who created it?

A

explanation of mass spectrometry, Standford university

69
Q

What is prospector used for and who created it?

A

mine exploration, SRI international

70
Q

What is airplan used for and who created it?

A

aircraft takeoff and landing management, US Army

71
Q

What is logos used for and who created it?

A

automatic translation, logos computer system

72
Q

What is ask used for and who created it?

A

natural language DB management system, Caltech

Artificial Intelligence Basics (9 decks)

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