Mathematics and Programming for AI

Question 1

What is the backbone of AI?

Answer 1

mathematics

Question 2

What are the 3 main branches of mathematics in AI?

Answer 2

linear algebra, calculus, and probability

Question 3

What is linear algebra?

Answer 3

a type of math that deals with linear equations and their representations using matrices

Question 4

What are vectors?

Answer 4

quantities that have both magnitude and direction

Question 5

What are matrices?

Answer 5

Rectangular arrays of numbers, can represent linear transformations, systems of linear equations, coordinates of vectors, etc.

Question 6

What are linear transformations?

Answer 6

functions that map vectors from one vector space to another while preserving properties of vector addition and scalar multiplication

Question 7

How does AI represent data using linear algebra?

Answer 7

uses vectors, matrices, and tensors to describe datasets

Question 8

Which sub-fields of AI use linear algebra?

Answer 8

NPL, ML, DL

Question 9

What data processing operations are used in AI and why?

Answer 9

mean subtraction, normalization, and PCA & whitening are used before using data sets in ML algorithms

Question 10

What linear algebra concept is used in ML algorithms?

Answer 10

regression analysis

Question 11

What is regression analysis?

Answer 11

predicts continuous responses based on relationships between dependent and independent variables

Question 12

How does DL use linear algebra?

Answer 12

at each step of neural networks: input, neurons, layers, feedforward propagation, and back-propagation

Question 13

How does NLP utilize linear algebra?

Answer 13

for word2vec and vector similarity checking

Question 14

What does calculus do?

Answer 14

analyzes the rate of change of quantities like area, volume, and length

Question 15

What is the difference between differential calculus and integral calculus?

Answer 15

differential breaks down and studies changes while integral joins fragments and studies changes

Question 16

What describes the instantaneous movement of a certain function?

Answer 16

differentiation

Question 17

What is differentiation?

Answer 17

process of finding the derivative of a function

Question 18

What does the instantaneous rate of change of a function refer to?

Answer 18

the slope of the tangent line at each point of the function

Question 19

What is the derivative?

Answer 19

a function that corresponds to the slope of the tangent line at a specific point on a function

Question 20

Why is calculus important for AI?

Answer 20

it helps with finding minimum cost and using techniques like gradient descent

Question 21

What are gradient descent techniques?

Answer 21

techniques to study how outputs change when inputs change

Question 22

What does gradient descent involve?

Answer 22

finding the derivative of a function

Question 23

When are partial derivatives used for gradient descent?

Answer 23

when there are multiple inputs

Question 24

What is the gradient?

Answer 24

a vector that contains all the partial derivatives

Question 25

How does statistics play a part in AI?

Answer 25

using regression analysis, K-mean, K-NN classification

Question 26

Why is a basic knowledge of probability and statistics required in AI?

Answer 26

learning results of AI are probabilistic

Question 27

What does statistics do well at?

Answer 27

predicting weather or economic indicators

Question 28

Which language was widely used in early applications of AI?

Answer 28

lisp

Question 29

What other languages are widely used in AI?

Answer 29

prolog, python

Question 30

What is lisp an abbreviation for?

Answer 30

list processing

Question 31

When was lisp developed and by who?

Answer 31

McCarthy in 1960

Question 32

What kind of data types does lisp handle easily?

Answer 32

symbolic data types

Question 33

Which data structures does lisp use?

Answer 33

lists and trees

Question 34

Is lisp an interpreted language?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

When and by who was prolog developed?

Answer 35

Kowalski in 1972

Question 36

What kind of language is prolog?

Answer 36

a logic-based programming language

Question 37

What kind of AI tools is prolog useful for?

Answer 37

NLP and expert system development

Question 38

Why is prolog good for NLP and expert system development?

Answer 38

knowledge is expressed in descriptive logic and inferred according to rules

Question 39

Why is python becoming popular for AI programming?

Answer 39

grammar is simple and it can be learned quickly and easily, execution can be checked immediately, and it is platform independent

Question 40

When and by who was python developed?

Answer 40

Guido van Rossum in 1991

Question 41

What are the 3 types of languages that programming languages are categorized into?

Answer 41

object-oriented, procedural, and functional

Question 42

What type of programming language is python?

Answer 42

it has features of all 3 different types

Question 43

What are some other less commonly used languages for AI?

Answer 43

R and C

Question 44

What areas is R strong in?

Answer 44

graphic visualization

Question 45

What are some neural network libraries that are used for deep learning?

Answer 45

TensorFlow and PyTorch

Question 46

Which language(s) is/are used for rule-based AI?

Answer 46

lisp and prolog

Question 47

Which language(s) is/are used for neural network AI?

Answer 47

python