Rsh 1 Exam 1 Flashcards
Needs Evaluation
an assessment to determine which features of a program are most valuable and who they benefit the most
Process Evaluation
an assessment of a general program operation, including who the program serves and how the program delivers services to that population
Outcomes evaluation
determines whether a program effectively produces outcomes that are consistent with the stated objectives or goals
Pseudoscience
claims or beliefs that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific method
- those who believe in these concepts claim that they have been validated by substantial evidence and the scientific method, when, in actuality, they have not
overconfidence phenomena
“I know I will do well on this exam”
- students often over anticipate getting a good grade
Representativeness Heuristic
using a guide, or example - guides we use are usually based on a collective data
- where we determine the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles what we consider to be a “typical” example of that event
- Grandma example!! - we have an idea of what a sweet, loving grandma looks like, even if they are actually not like that
Availability Heuristic
information available to you that contributes to your idea
- judgements about the likelihood of an event or situation occurring based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances
Better-than-average effect
consider themselves above average with respect to socially desirable qualities
Focusing Effect
to help confirm our preexisting beliefs, we emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing others
Empirical Research
the systematic use of observations and measurements
- to test cramming by randomly having half of your classmates study five hours straight the night before the exam, while the other half studies one hour a day for five days before the exam
Non-empirical Research
relies on a nonsystematic examination of personal experiences and opinions
- if you can think of examples of when cramming worked, your beliefs must be true
Truthiness
confirms an existing belief
- people are especially likely to continue believing misinformation when they were able to think of reasons to believe it initially
Scientific Method
a set of steps that will help find the best information to address your questions
- steps include
1. research question and hypotheses
2. study design
3. data collection
4. data analysis
5. communicating findings
Hypothesis
a specific, educated conjecture or guess that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon
- a statement!!
Scientific Law
a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world, but that makes no assumptions about why it occurs
Scientific Theory
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentation
- explains why a phenomenon occurs!!
Conceptual Definition
what the variable represents in the context of the researcher’s study
Operational Definition
represents how we will use (or put into operation) the variables in our study
Experimental Design
what one would use if their hypothesis was about cause & effect
- cause-manipulated, independent variable
- IV - variable you believe to be responsible for influencing another variable in your study
- Effect- measured, dependent variable
- DV - the variable that the independent variable influences
Between-the-subjects design
assess participants only once on the dependent variable
- test our hypothesis by comparing the responses between the subjects
Within-subjects-design
measure the dependent variable on multiple occasions from the same participants
Longitudinal Design
carry out these measurements or observations of the participants over a period of time
- measure the same participants more than once and then compare differences within the participants based on how long
Non-experimental Design
what one would use if you were interested in what is happening–wanting to describe a phenomenon
- also known as a correlation design
- evaluates how one variable may affect another variable, but there is no true independent or dependent variable
- potential causal variable–the explanatory or predictor variable
- the outcome variable–the criterion or response variable
- you can conclude that the 2 variables are associated or connected in some way, but cannot conclude that one variable causes change in another
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at the institution, made up of about 7 community/political leaders, and scientists
- mission of the IRB is to provide ethical oversight of research projects
- researchers must complete an IRB proposal for every research study they wish to conduct
- researcher explains any and all benefits, risks, and procedures associated with the proposed study, as well as any forms and questionnaires to be used in the study, including consent forms and debriefing scripts
- must also explain how the researcher will maintain confidentiality
- IRB classifies the proposed research study based on the level of potential risk and participants involved
- IRB reviews each proposal using principles form the Belmont Report and from the federal regulations on the “Protection of Human Subjects” to determine whether or not the study meets all ethical guidelines
Exempt Classification
reviewed by the chair of the IRB
Expedited Classification
reviewed by the chair or by a qualified member of the IRB committee
Full Review Classification
reviewed by a committee of at least 5 members of the IRB
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
committee reviews all animal research procedures to ensure that researchers follow US laws on animal research
- requires that researchers’ laboratories be inspected every 6 months
- make sure animals have proper housing, sufficient food, health care, and clean conditions
- must consist of at least 5 members, including a veterinarian and a practicing scientist experienced in animal research
5 Principles Designed to Reduce Subjectivity
if you are going to participate in science, you must follow these 5 principles–developed by the American psychological association (APA)
- beneficence and nonmaleficence
- justice
- respect for persons
- fidelity and responsibility
- integrity
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
do good and do no harm
Justice
original; fairness when deciding who to use as study participants and what role they will play in the study
Respect for Persons
original; also called anonymity
Fidelity and Responsibility
original; they must never engage in behaviors that violate the trust others have in the scientific process
Integrity
scientists’ ethical responsibility to be forthright and honest as they analyze, interpret, and share the findings from their studies
- violation of integrity can lead to skepticism of all scientific findings
- all principles developed from the Belmont Report
Anonymity
also called the respect for persons principle
- right to choose to participate
- right to stop at any time
- participation cannot be coerced
- should obtain informed consent from each participant
Informed Consent
risks, benefits, methods, and rights
Who cannot give informed consent?
- children
- prisoners–their autonomy was taken away
- the elderly–as a group, they have diminished capacity, and mobility
- individuals who are incapacitated in some way–unconscious, using substances, or receiving emergency medical treatment
Anonymity
the pledge that participants’ individual responses cannot be linked back to their personal identity
Confidentiality
the responses or behaviors of individual participants should not become public knowledge or the focus of public scrutiny
- in many studies, researchers can assure confidentiality, but cannot guarantee anonymity
How to Cite a Scientific Journal in Text:
Last name, year of publication–(Luna, 2015).
Title Page
identifies title, names of authors, and institutional affiliations
Abstract
a short summary of entire report
Introduction
provides background info from previous research on topic and the theoretical and empirical basis for study’s hypothesis
Method
describes how researcher carried out the study, including descriptions of participants, materials, study design, and how data was collected
Results
Outlines study’s findings using a combination of statistical language means
Discussion
analysis interpretation of the study’s findings, including strengths and weaknesses, suggestions of research, and ideas for practical application of findings to
References
Provides info of sources used within the paper
