Rsh 1 Exam 1

Question 1

Needs Evaluation

Answer 1

an assessment to determine which features of a program are most valuable and who they benefit the most

Question 2

Process Evaluation

Answer 2

an assessment of a general program operation, including who the program serves and how the program delivers services to that population

Question 3

Outcomes evaluation

Answer 3

determines whether a program effectively produces outcomes that are consistent with the stated objectives or goals

Question 4

Pseudoscience

Answer 4

claims or beliefs that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific method
- those who believe in these concepts claim that they have been validated by substantial evidence and the scientific method, when, in actuality, they have not

Question 5

overconfidence phenomena

Answer 5

“I know I will do well on this exam”
- students often over anticipate getting a good grade

Question 6

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 6

using a guide, or example - guides we use are usually based on a collective data
- where we determine the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles what we consider to be a “typical” example of that event
- Grandma example!! - we have an idea of what a sweet, loving grandma looks like, even if they are actually not like that

Question 7

Availability Heuristic

Answer 7

information available to you that contributes to your idea
- judgements about the likelihood of an event or situation occurring based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances

Question 8

Better-than-average effect

Answer 8

consider themselves above average with respect to socially desirable qualities

Question 9

Focusing Effect

Answer 9

to help confirm our preexisting beliefs, we emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing others

Question 10

Empirical Research

Answer 10

the systematic use of observations and measurements
- to test cramming by randomly having half of your classmates study five hours straight the night before the exam, while the other half studies one hour a day for five days before the exam

Question 11

Non-empirical Research

Answer 11

relies on a nonsystematic examination of personal experiences and opinions
- if you can think of examples of when cramming worked, your beliefs must be true

Question 12

Truthiness

Answer 12

confirms an existing belief
- people are especially likely to continue believing misinformation when they were able to think of reasons to believe it initially

Question 13

Scientific Method

Answer 13

a set of steps that will help find the best information to address your questions
- steps include
1. research question and hypotheses
2. study design
3. data collection
4. data analysis
5. communicating findings

Question 14

Hypothesis

Answer 14

a specific, educated conjecture or guess that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon
- a statement!!

Question 15

Scientific Law

Answer 15

a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world, but that makes no assumptions about why it occurs

Question 16

Scientific Theory

Answer 16

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentation
- explains why a phenomenon occurs!!

Question 17

Conceptual Definition

Answer 17

what the variable represents in the context of the researcher’s study

Question 18

Operational Definition

Answer 18

represents how we will use (or put into operation) the variables in our study

Question 19

Experimental Design

Answer 19

what one would use if their hypothesis was about cause & effect
- cause-manipulated, independent variable
- IV - variable you believe to be responsible for influencing another variable in your study
- Effect- measured, dependent variable
- DV - the variable that the independent variable influences

Question 20

Between-the-subjects design

Answer 20

assess participants only once on the dependent variable
- test our hypothesis by comparing the responses between the subjects

Question 21

Within-subjects-design

Answer 21

measure the dependent variable on multiple occasions from the same participants

Question 22

Longitudinal Design

Answer 22

carry out these measurements or observations of the participants over a period of time
- measure the same participants more than once and then compare differences within the participants based on how long

Question 23

Non-experimental Design

Answer 23

what one would use if you were interested in what is happening–wanting to describe a phenomenon
- also known as a correlation design
- evaluates how one variable may affect another variable, but there is no true independent or dependent variable
- potential causal variable–the explanatory or predictor variable
- the outcome variable–the criterion or response variable
- you can conclude that the 2 variables are associated or connected in some way, but cannot conclude that one variable causes change in another

Question 24

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 24

reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at the institution, made up of about 7 community/political leaders, and scientists
- mission of the IRB is to provide ethical oversight of research projects
- researchers must complete an IRB proposal for every research study they wish to conduct
- researcher explains any and all benefits, risks, and procedures associated with the proposed study, as well as any forms and questionnaires to be used in the study, including consent forms and debriefing scripts
- must also explain how the researcher will maintain confidentiality
- IRB classifies the proposed research study based on the level of potential risk and participants involved
- IRB reviews each proposal using principles form the Belmont Report and from the federal regulations on the “Protection of Human Subjects” to determine whether or not the study meets all ethical guidelines

Question 25

Exempt Classification

Answer 25

reviewed by the chair of the IRB

Question 26

Expedited Classification

Answer 26

reviewed by the chair or by a qualified member of the IRB committee

Question 27

Full Review Classification

Answer 27

reviewed by a committee of at least 5 members of the IRB

Question 28

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Answer 28

committee reviews all animal research procedures to ensure that researchers follow US laws on animal research
- requires that researchers’ laboratories be inspected every 6 months
- make sure animals have proper housing, sufficient food, health care, and clean conditions
- must consist of at least 5 members, including a veterinarian and a practicing scientist experienced in animal research

Question 29

5 Principles Designed to Reduce Subjectivity

Answer 29

if you are going to participate in science, you must follow these 5 principles–developed by the American psychological association (APA)
- beneficence and nonmaleficence
- justice
- respect for persons
- fidelity and responsibility
- integrity

Question 30

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Answer 30

do good and do no harm

Question 31

Justice

Answer 31

original; fairness when deciding who to use as study participants and what role they will play in the study

Question 32

Respect for Persons

Answer 32

original; also called anonymity

Question 33

Fidelity and Responsibility

Answer 33

original; they must never engage in behaviors that violate the trust others have in the scientific process

Question 34

Integrity

Answer 34

scientists’ ethical responsibility to be forthright and honest as they analyze, interpret, and share the findings from their studies
- violation of integrity can lead to skepticism of all scientific findings
- all principles developed from the Belmont Report

Question 35

Anonymity

Answer 35

also called the respect for persons principle
- right to choose to participate
- right to stop at any time
- participation cannot be coerced
- should obtain informed consent from each participant

Question 36

Informed Consent

Answer 36

risks, benefits, methods, and rights

Question 37

Who cannot give informed consent?

Answer 37

• children
• prisoners–their autonomy was taken away
• the elderly–as a group, they have diminished capacity, and mobility
• individuals who are incapacitated in some way–unconscious, using substances, or receiving emergency medical treatment

Question 38

Anonymity

Answer 38

the pledge that participants’ individual responses cannot be linked back to their personal identity

Question 39

Confidentiality

Answer 39

the responses or behaviors of individual participants should not become public knowledge or the focus of public scrutiny
- in many studies, researchers can assure confidentiality, but cannot guarantee anonymity

Question 40

How to Cite a Scientific Journal in Text:

Answer 40

Last name, year of publication–(Luna, 2015).

Question 41

Title Page

Answer 41

identifies title, names of authors, and institutional affiliations

Question 42

Abstract

Answer 42

a short summary of entire report

Question 43

Introduction

Answer 43

provides background info from previous research on topic and the theoretical and empirical basis for study’s hypothesis

Question 44

Method

Answer 44

describes how researcher carried out the study, including descriptions of participants, materials, study design, and how data was collected

Question 45

Results

Answer 45

Outlines study’s findings using a combination of statistical language means

Question 46

Discussion

Answer 46

analysis interpretation of the study’s findings, including strengths and weaknesses, suggestions of research, and ideas for practical application of findings to

Question 47

References

Answer 47

Provides info of sources used within the paper