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Ancient History > ROME- LEGENDARY KINGS AND ORIGINS OF ROME (1) > Flashcards

ROME- LEGENDARY KINGS AND ORIGINS OF ROME (1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Romulus known for

A

Founding Father of Rome

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2
Q

What is Numa known for

A

Development of religion

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3
Q

What is Tullus known for

A

Reviving Rome’s military reputation

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4
Q

What is Ancus known for

A

Balancing military expansion with law and order

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5
Q

Who was Livy’s most influential source

A

Fabius Pictor, who created a timeline of Roman History by drawing together all of the available sources at the time

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6
Q

What was Livy influenced by

A

Stoicism

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7
Q

What is Stoicism?

A

An ancient Greek school of philosophy, which believed that virtue is based upon knowledge

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8
Q

What did Dionysus want to do as a way to record Roman history?

A

Copy the famous Greek historian, Herodotus, and create a great history

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9
Q

What is the Iliad?

A

A Greek poem describing the legendary war between Greece and the Trojans

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10
Q

Why was Aeneas added to the Roman foundation myth?

A

To link Rome’s foundation to the Trojan war, and connect it with another great military power

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11
Q

Which Greek author first mentioned Aeneas’ influence on Roman foundation?

A

Hellanicus

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12
Q

What role did Aeneas play in the conflict between Rome and Carthage?

A

His story helped illustrate why Rome and Carthage went to war

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13
Q

What settlement did Aeneas found after his marriage to Lavinia?

A

Lavinium

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14
Q

How is Aeneas connected to the future founding of Rome?

A

His son, Ascanius, founded Alba Longa, and Romulus, the founder of Rome, is said to be descended from the kings of Alba Longa.

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15
Q

Who are the parents of Romulus and Remus?

A

Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin, and Mars, god of war

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16
Q

Why did King Amulius imprison Rhea Sylvia, and order her twins to be drowned?

A

To prevent any challenged his control of Alba Longa after removing his brother Numitor from power

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17
Q

How are Romulus and Remus saved after being abandoned?

A

They were nursed by a she-wolf and later, found and raised by the shepherd Faustulus and his wife Larentia

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18
Q

Where does the myth of a ‘she-wolf’ originate?

A

Rumour has it that Larentia was known as ‘the wolf’ in the town, which may have been the reason for the myth to be put in place

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19
Q

What did Romulus and Remus do as young men?

A

They ambushed robbers, stole their loot, and distributed it to the poor

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20
Q

What happened when Remus was captured by robbers who brought him to Numitor

A

Numitor realised that his grandsons would have been the same age as Remus, and after Remus told him that he had a twin brother, he knew it was them. Together they plotted against Amulius and retook Alba Longa

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21
Q

What is an augury?

A

The Roman tradition of using birds to read the future, or seek divine support for a decision

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22
Q

What is a Vestal Virgin?

A

Celibate female priestesses who protected Rome’s sacred flame

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23
Q

What happened between Romulus and Remus?

A

They decided to hold and augury- 6 vultures landed at Remus’ feet, and as soon as this was about to be declared, 12 landed at Romulus’. The two sides argued, until a battle began. Remus was killed. Another story may suggest that, after Remus jumped over the city walls and mocked Romulus, Romulus murdered his brother, before declaring ‘this will be the fate of anyone who tries to o’erleap my battlements’

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24
Q

What have excavations at the Roman forum revealed?

A

That Rome is much older than 753 BC, and was probably founded in the 13th or 12th century bc

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25
Q

What is a ‘stele’?

A

An upright stone or wooden column bearing an inscription or design

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26
Q

What is a ‘comitium’?

A

The open-air space where Roman citizens would meet to discuss important matters

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27
Q

What day do Roman historians claim Rome was established?

A

21 April 753 BC

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28
Q

What do Roman historians claim Romulus created?

A

Asylum, Safety, Representation, The Senate, Democracy

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29
Q

What was the Senate

A

A council of Rome’s best men during the time of the kings; advised consuls from 509 BC, advised emperors from 27 BC

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30
Q

What is ‘rule by decree’?

A

Passing laws and judgements without listening to others or to previous laws- what the kings did

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31
Q

Who/what were lictors?

A

Roman bodyguards who protected the king or consul and carried fasces, which symbolised power

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32
Q

What are fasces?

A

Bound bundles of sticks or rods into which an axe is inserted or to which an axe is tied

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33
Q

What is a tyrant?

A

A leader who abuses their powers to rule unfairly- although previously it just meant a ruler who possessed ultimate power

34
Q

What was imperium?

A

Gave kings the power to rule or govern- in the republic it gave consuls the power to control the army

35
Q

When was the sack of Rome?

A

390 BC

36
Q

What was Romulus’ religion like?

A

Built a temple to Jupiter to commemorate military success
Influenced by the Greek legend of Heracles
Transformed into a god

37
Q

What was the military tribune?

A

Men who organised military tribunes

38
Q

What was a centurion?

A

A commander of a century

39
Q

What was a century?

A

A unit in the Roman army- unlikely used until the republic

40
Q

What were celeres?

A

A Roman cavalry unit believed to have developed from Romulus’ bodyguard

41
Q

What is an eques (pl. equites)?

A

A social class named because they were men who received a horse from the Roman state and formed the Roman cavalry

42
Q

What was the rape of the sabine women?

A

The Romans hosted a festival, and kidnapped lots of the women from nearby towns (or ‘seized’)

43
Q

Who was the king of the Sabines?

A

Titus Tatius

44
Q

Who was the leader of the city of Caecina?

A

Acro

45
Q

Which towns/cities were involved in the Rape of the Sabine women?

A

Caenina, the Crustumini, the Antemnates, and the Sabines

46
Q

Where was the Roman Forum built?

A

Where the Palatine and Capitoline Hill met (although archaeology does not support this story)

47
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A rock formation which can be used to supply water

48
Q

When was Numa appointed king?

A

715 BC

49
Q

When did Romulus die?

A

5 July 717 BC

50
Q

What is interregnum?

A

A period of time between two reigns when the normal government is suspended

51
Q

What is piety?

A

Being religious

52
Q

Who was Numa Pompilius?

A

A Sabine nobleman

53
Q

Who did Numa supposedly marry?

A

A goddess named Egeria

54
Q

Who were the Camenae

A

In Roman mythology, they were the goddesses of childbirth; fountains with the ability to tell the future

55
Q

What priesthood did Numa create?

A

A priesthood for Mars, Romulus and Quirinus (Quirinus was Romulus’ divine name and Mars was his father). The idea of a religious trinity including son, father and spirit would be borrowed by christianity later

56
Q

What is a ‘flamen’?

A

A roman priest who performed rituals for a particular god

57
Q

What is a ‘pontiff’?

A

A Roman high priest who regulated religious practices

58
Q

What religious initiatives did Numa have?

A

Introduced the Vestal Virgins into Rome
Created both the flamen and the pontiff
(May have) created a lunar calendar

59
Q

Where did Numa place the hearth of the Vestal Virgins?

A

In the Forum

60
Q

What did Numa do to Rome structurally?

A

Divided Rome into districts and appointed an official to inspect each of them

61
Q

What crafts did Numa establish?

A

Blacksmiths, musicians etc

62
Q

What temple did Numa construct?

A

Temple of Janus

63
Q

When did Numa die?

A

673 BC

64
Q

How was Tullus represented relative to Romulus?

A

‘More aggressive than Romulus’

65
Q

What was the first war Tullus Hostilius fought?

A

A war with Alba

66
Q

Who was the king of Alba at the time of the war with Tullus?

A

Gaius Cluilius

67
Q

How did the war against Alba progress?

A

Cluilius died, and a dictator called Mettius was appointed in his place, who reminded Tullus that both cities shared common Trojan heritage, and that it was in both their interests to avoid war.

68
Q

How did Tullus and Mettius settle the War with Alba

A

They agreed to hold a battle between two teams of triplets- the Horatii for Rome, and the Curiatii for Alba. Livy describes how two of the 3 Roman triplets were lost quickly, but how the third managed to isolate and kill each of the Curiatii one by one.

69
Q

Why did the War with Alba continue after the ‘Story of the three Albans’?

A

Mettius didn’t accept defeat and formed a secret alliance with the Etruscan cities of Veii and Fidenae. During a battle against the Etruscans, where the Albans didn’t come to help, Tullus knew he had been betrayed, and this inspired his army to win the battle. Mettius was later executed by being ripped apart by 4 chariots.

70
Q

What other battles did Tullus win?

A

Battle of Malitose Forest against the Sabines

71
Q

When did Tullus become king?

A

673 BC

72
Q

When did Tullus die?

A

642 BC

73
Q

How did Tullus die?

A

During the plague, Tullus did not allow soldiers to go back and take care of their families, which led to unrest and division in Rome. Many openly criticised Tullus. When he failed to perform his religious duties correctly, the gods killed him with a thunderbolt.

74
Q

What happened to the last Horatii triplet

A

He murdered his sister, who had been betrothed to one of the Alban triplets. Tullus asked two patrician judges to hear his case and was found guilty, but in the face of civil unrest, the judges allowed the case to be heard by the people, and the Horatii triplet was free on appeal

75
Q

What were Tullus’ political initiatives?

A

He gave land to homeless citizens and built new farms. He also expanded Rome with his victories over Alba and the Sabines. He built a new settlement on the Caelian hill of the Albans and created new districts for each of the new Alban groups. To accommodate the new enlarged Senate he build a new Senate House called the Curia Hostilia

76
Q

When did Ancus Marcius become king?

A

642 BC

77
Q

When did Ancus Marcius die?

A

617-616 BC

78
Q

What did Ancus do on the religious side?

A

He told his pontiff, Gaius Papirus, to publish laws and religious rite on oak boards across the cities, to reintroduce Numa’s (his grandfather) teachings

79
Q

What did the envoys do in Ancus Marcius’ time

A

They would visit the enemy (in a battle/war) and demand justice. If this was denied then the envoy would ask each tribe to vote. If a majority of tribes agreed, then war would be declared

80
Q

How did Ancus expand Rome?

A

He allowed citizens who lived outside the city to settle on the Aventine hill

He invited the Latins to become Roman citizens

He created the Admurciae district between the Aventine and Palatine hills, to help the Latins settle into the city

Rome was extended over the river TIber, to connect Janiculum hill to the city, and built a wall around it, which made Rome more secure from attack

The port of Ostia and a salt works were also supposed to have been built on the Tiber at this time

81
Q

How did Ancus fare in battles?

A

He captured the city of Politorium and destroyed it, so it could not be used in the future to attack Rome
He destroyed the Latin threat in the Battle of Medullia

Ancient History (12 decks)

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