Romanian orphan studies: Institutionalisation

Question 1

Research on maternal deprivation has turned to ______ _______ as a means of studying the effects of deprivation on emotional and intellectual development

Answer 1

orphan studies

Question 2

Research on maternal deprivation has turned to orphan studies as a means of studying…

Answer 2

the effects of deprivation on emotional and intellectual development

Question 3

A tragic opportunity to look at the effects of institutional care and the consequent ____________________ arose in which country in the 1990s?

Answer 3

institutionalisation, Romania

Question 4

Former President of Romania Ceaucescu required Romanian women to have how many children?

Answer 4

Five

Question 5

Many Romania parents couldn’t afford to keep their children the children ended up in…

Answer 5

huge orphanages in very poor conditions

Question 6

What happened in the 1989 Romanian revolution?

Answer 6

Many of the children in orphanages were adopted, some by British parents

Question 7

Rutter et al. (2011) followed a group of how many Romanian orphans for many years as part of the English and Romanian adoptee (ERA) study?

Answer 7

165

Question 8

Rutter et al. (2011) followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans for many years as part of…

Answer 8

the English and Romanian adoptee (ERA) study

Question 9

The orphans followed by Rutter et al. (2011) had been adopted by…

Answer 9

families in the UK

Question 10

The orphans followed by Rutter et al. (2011) had been _______ by families in the UK

Answer 10

adopted

Question 11

What has the aim of the ERA been?

Answer 11

To investigate the extent to which good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions

Question 12

Rutter et al. (2011) assessed which types of development in the Romanian orphans?

Answer 12

Physical, cognitive and emotional

Question 13

Rutter et al. (2011) assessed physical, cognitive and emotional development at which ages?

Answer 13

4, 6, 11, 15 and 22-25

Question 14

What was the control group in Rutter et al. (2011)’s study?

Answer 14

A group of 52 children from the UK adopted around the same time

Question 15

Rutter et al. (2011) found that when the children first arrived in the UK, what percentage of the adoptees showed signs of delayed intellectual development?

Answer 15

50%

Question 16

Rutter et al. (2011) found that when the children first arrived in the UK, a minority/majority were severely malnourished

Answer 16

majority

Question 17

Rutter et al. (2011) found that at age 11 the adopted children showed ____________ rates of recovery that were related to their age of adoption

Answer 17

differential

Question 18

Rutter et al. (2011) found that the mean IQ of those children adopted before the age of six months was what?

Answer 18

102

Question 19

Rutter et al. (2011) found that the mean IQ of those children adopted before the age of how many months was 102?

Answer 19

6

Question 20

Rutter et al. (2011) found that the mean IQ of those children adopted between six months and two years was what?

Answer 20

86

Question 21

Rutter et al. (2011) found that the mean IQ of those children adopted between which ages was 86?

Answer 21

Six months and two years

Question 22

Rutter et al. (2011) found that the mean IQ of those children adopted after two years was what?

Answer 22

77

Question 23

Rutter et al. (2011) found that the mean IQ of those children adopted after how many years was 77?

Answer 23

Two

Question 24

Rutter et al. (2011) found that the earlier on in life the Romanian children were adopted, the higher…

Answer 24

their IQ

Question 25

True/False: Beckett et al. (2010) found that the IQ differences found by Rutter et al. (2011) remained at age 16

Answer 25

True

Question 26

In relation to Romanian orphan studies, what did Kennedy et al. (2016) find was more common in 15- and 22-25-year-old samples?

Answer 26

ADHD

Question 27

Rutter et al. (2011) found that in terms of attachment, there appeared to be a difference in outcome related to whether the adoption took place before or after how many months?

Answer 27

Six

Question 28

Rutter et al. (2011) found that children adopted after they were six months showed signs of a particular attachment style called what?

Answer 28

Disinhibited attachment?

Question 29

Give an example of a symptom of disinhibited attachment

Answer 29

Any from attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards adults, both familiar and unfamiliar

Question 30

True/False: Children adopted before the age of six months often displayed disinhibited attachment

Answer 30

False, they rarely displayed this attachment style

Question 31

Zeanah et al. (2005) conducted the B________ e____ i___________ (BEI) project

Answer 31

Bucharest early intervention

Question 32

What did Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project assess?

Answer 32

Attachment in 95 Romanian children aged 12-31 months who had spent most of their lives in institutional care (90% on average)

Question 33

Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project assessed attachment in how many Romanian children aged 12-31 months who had spent most of their lives in institutional care (90% on average)?

Answer 33

95

Question 34

Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project assessed attachment in 95 Romanian children aged __ - __ months who had spent most of their lives in institutional care (90% on average)

Answer 34

12 - 31

Question 35

Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project assessed attachment in 95 Romanian children aged 12 - 31 months who had spent most their lives in what kind of care?

Answer 35

Institutional care

Question 36

On average, what percentage of their lives had the children assessed in Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project spent in care?

Answer 36

90

Question 37

The children in Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project were compared to a control group of how many children who had never lived in an institution?

Answer 37

50

Question 38

The children in Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project were compared to a control group of 50 children who...

Answer 38

had never lived in an institution

Question 39

How was attachment measured in Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project?

Answer 39

The Strange Situation and carers were asked about unusual social behaviour including clingy, attention-seeking behaviour directed inappropriately at all adults (a measure of disinhibited attachment)

Question 40

Besides using the Strange Situation, how was attachment type measured in Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project?

Answer 40

Carers were asked about unusual social behaviour including clingy, attention-seeking behaviour directed inappropriately at all adults (a measure of disinhibited attachment)

Question 41

Give an example of unusual social behaviour that parents were asked about in Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project

Answer 41

Clingy, attention-seeking behaviour directed inappropriately at all adults

Question 42

Why were carers asked about unusual social behaviour including clingy, attention-seeking behaviour displayed by children in Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project?

Answer 42

This is a measure of disinhibited attachment

Question 43

Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project found that __% of the control group were classed as securely attached in the Strange Situation

Answer 43

74

Question 44

Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project found that __% of the institutional group were securely attached

Answer 44

19

Question 45

Zeanah et al. (2005)'s BEI project found that the description of disinhibited attachment applied to __% of institutionalised children as opposed to __% of the controls

Answer 45

44, 20

Question 46

Children who have spent their early lives in an institution often show signs of which type of attachment?

Answer 46

Disinhibited

Question 47

Being equally friendly and affectionate towards familiar people and strangers is a sign of which type of attachment?

Answer 47

Disinhibited

Question 48

Why is being equally friendly and affectionate towards familiar people and strangers at the age of 2 unusual?

Answer 48

Most children in their second year show stranger anxiety

Question 49

Rutter (2006) explained disinhibited attachment as an adaption to...

Answer 49

living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period for attachment formation

Question 50

In poor quality institutions, like those in Romania, a child might have 50 carers but doesn't spend enough time with any one of them to be able to form a what?

Answer 50

Secure attachment

Question 51

In Rutter (2011)'s study most children showed signs of what when they arrived in Britain?

Answer 51

Intellectual disability

Question 52

In Rutter (2011)'s study, most children showed signs of intellectual disability when they arrived in Britain. However, most of those adopted before how many months old caught up with the control group by age four?

Answer 52

dix

Question 53

In Rutter (2011)'s study, most children showed signs of intellectual disability when they arrived in Britain. However, most of those adopted before six months caught up with the control group by age _

Answer 53

4

Question 54

It appears that, like emotional development, damage to intellectual development as a result of institutionalisation can be recovered provided that...

Answer 54

adoption takes place before the age of six months - the age at which attachments form

Question 55

True/False: It appears that, like emotional development, damage to intellectual development as a result of institutionalisation cannot be recovered

Answer 55

False, it appears that it can be provided that adoption takes place before the age of six months - the age at which attachments form

Question 56

One strength of Romanian orphanage studies is their application to to improve conditions for...

Answer 56

children growing up outside their family home

Question 57

What has studying the Romanian orphans improved psychologists' understanding of? (Langton (2006))

Answer 57

The effects of early institutional care and how to prevent the worst of these effects

Question 58

The fact that Romanian orphan studies have improved psychologists' understanding of the effects of early institutional care and how to prevent the worst of these effects has led to improvements in what?

Answer 58

Conditions experienced by looked-after children, i.e. children growing up in the care system

Question 59

Children's homes now avoid having large numbers of caregivers for each child as a result of learnings from which studies?

Answer 59

Romanian orphan studies

Question 60

Instead of children having large numbers of caregivers for each child, what do children in institutions tend to have now?

Answer 60

One or two 'key workers' who play a central role in their emotional care

Question 61

Institutional care is now seen as a(n) desirable/undesirable option for looked-after children

Answer 61

Undesirable

Question 62

Instead of institutional care, considerable effort is now made to accommodate looked-after children in...

Answer 62

foster care or to have them adopted instead

Question 63

True/False: There were many confounding variables in Romanian orphan studies

Answer 63

False, is a lack of confounding variables

Question 64

True/False: There were many orphan studies before the Romanian orphans became to available to study

Answer 64

True

Question 65

What was the problem with orphan studies before the Romanian orphans (e.g. orphans studied during the Second World War)?

Answer 65

Many of the children had experienced varying degrees of trauma - it is difficult to disentangle the effects of neglect, physical abuse and bereavement from those in institutional care

Question 66

What was different about the Romanian orphan studies compared to other previous orphan studies?

Answer 66

Children from Romanian orphanages had been handed over by loving parents who couldn't afford to keep them instead of having suffered neglect, physical abuse and bereavement like children in previous studies

Question 67

The fact that children had been neglected, physically abused and been through bereavement in previous orphan studies to the Romanian orphan studies was a problem because...

Answer 67

these factors acted as confounding variables

Question 68

The lack of confounding variables in the Romanian orphan studies means that the results had higher ________ validity

Answer 68

internal

Question 69

Why may studying children from Romanian orphanages have introduced different confounding variables?

Answer 69

The quality of care in these institutions was remarkably poor, with children receiving little intellectual stimulation or comfort.

Question 70

The fact that the quality of care in Romanian institutions was remarkably poor means what about the harmful effects seen in studies of Romanian orphans and attachment?

Answer 70

They may represent the effects of poor institutional care rather than institutional care itself.

Question 71

One limitation of Romanian orphanage studies is the current lack of data on _____ development

Answer 71

adult

Question 72

The latest data from the ERA study looked at children in their early- to mid- __s

Answer 72

20s

Question 73

The fact that the latest data from the ERA study looked at children in their early- to mid- 20s means...

Answer 73

that we don't currently have data to answer some of the most interesting research questions about the long-term effects of early institutional care

Question 74

Why don't we currently have data to answer some of the most interesting research questions about the long-term effects of early institutional care?

Answer 74

There is a lack of adult data - the latest data from the ERA study looked at children in their early- to mid- 20s

Question 75

Research questions about the long-term effects of early institutional care include...

Answer 75

the lifetime prevalence of mental health problems and participants' success in forming and maintaining adult romantic and parental relationships

Question 76

Why will it take a long time to gather data about Romanian orphans as adults?

Answer 76

Because of the longitudinal design of the study - the same participants are followed over a long period

Question 77

If a study has a longitudinal design, this means what?

Answer 77

The same participants are followed over a long period

Question 78

True/False: We will know more about what the long-term effects are for Romanian orphans soon

Answer 78

False, it will be a long time before we know more

Question 79

We may possibly find that late-adopted children '_____ __' when more data about Romanian orphans is obtained in their adult lives

Answer 79

catch up

Question 80

Why are the Romanian orphan studies socially sensitive?

Answer 80

The results show that late-adopted children typically have poor developmental outcomes and these results have been published while the children have been growing up, meaning that their parents, teachers and anyone else who knew them might have lowered their expectations and treated them differently

Question 81

What's the problem with the fact that results showing that late-adopted children typically have poor developmental outcomes from Romanian orphan studies have been published?

Answer 81

They have been published while the children have been growing up - meaning that their parents, teachers and anyone else who knew them might have lowered their expectations and treated the adopted children differently. This may have even created a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 82

True/False: Not much has been learned from the Romanian orphan studies that benefit future institutionalised or potentially institutionalised children

Answer 82

False, a lot has been learned